Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients with cancer treated with or without ICIs before testing positive for COVID-19
|
|
ICI Use,
N
= 25,
n
(%) |
No ICI Use,
N
= 25,
n
(%) |
p-
Value
|
| Age, years | 0.82 | ||
| Median (range) | 72 (45–83) | 68 (36–87) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 11 (44) | 11 (44) | |
| Male | 14 (56) | 14 (56) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.44 | ||
| White | 20 (80) | 17 (68) | |
| Black/African American | 2 (8) | 4 (16) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 2 (8) | 4 (16) | |
| Other | 1 (4) | 0 | |
| Tobacco use history | 0.57 | ||
| Never smoked tobacco | 9 (36) | 12 (48) | |
| Former tobacco smoker | 12 (48) | 11 (44) | |
| Current tobacco smoker | 4 (16) | 2 (8) | |
| Type of malignancy | 0.0002 | ||
| Thoracica | 10 (40) | 1 (4) | |
| Melanoma and nonmelanoma skinb | 5 (12) | 0 | |
| Gastrointestinalc | 4 (16) | 7 (28) | |
| Otherd | 6 (24) | 17 (68) | |
| Comorbid conditions | |||
| Hypertension | 18 (72) | 11 (44) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 14 (56) | 6 (24) | |
| Autoimmune disease | 8 (32) | 3 (12) | |
| Cardiac diseasee | 8 (32) | 6 (24) | |
| COPD | 7 (28) | 6 (24) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 6 (24) | 4 (16) | |
| Diabetes | 2 (8) | 10 (40) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.001 | ||
| Median (range) | 9 (2–18) | 7 (2–11) | |
| Received vaccination in the last year | 0.26 | ||
| No | 16 (64) | 11 (44) | |
| Yes | 9 (36) | 14 (56) | |
| History of autoimmune disease | 0.17 | ||
| No | 17 (68) | 22 (88) | |
| Yes | 8 (32) | 3 (12) | |
| ICI received in last year | |||
| Atezolizumab | 3 (12) | ||
| Cemiplimab | 1 (4) | ||
| Durvalumab | 1 (4) | ||
| Ipilimumab | 1 (4) | ||
| Nivolumab | 3 (12) | ||
| Pembrolizumab | 16 (64) | ||
| Number of prior lines of oncologic therapy | |||
| 1 | 7 (28) | 14 (56) | |
| 2 | 11 (44) | 5 (20) | |
| 3 | 2 (8) | 4 (16) | |
| 4 | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | |
| 5 | 3 (12) | 1 (4) | |
| 6 | 1 (4) | 0 | |
| Time between last dose of ICI therapy and COVID-19 diagnosis | |||
| Actively on therapy | 7 (28) | ||
| < 3 months | 10 (40) | ||
| 3–6 months | 3 (12) | ||
| > 6 months–1 year | 5 (20) | ||
| Cancer staging at initiation of ICI (cases) or anticancer therapy (controls) | < 0.0001 | ||
| I | 0 | 4 (16) | |
| II | 0 | 0 | |
| III | 2 (8) | 0 | |
| IVA-C | 22 (88) | 9 (36) | |
| Not applicable (hematologic) | 1 (4) | 8 (32) | |
| Unknown | 0 | 4 (16) | |
| Cancer status at initiation of ICI (cases) or anticancer therapy (controls) | 0.002 | ||
| Local disease | 1 (4) | 4 (16) | |
| Lymph node metastases | 1 (4) | 0 | |
| Distant metastases | 21 (84) | 9 (36) | |
| No evidence of disease (adjuvant) | 1 (4) | 4 (16) | |
| Not applicable (hematologic) | 1 (4) | 8 (32) | |
| Disease status at last imaging prior to COVID-19 diagnosis | |||
| Progression of disease | 14 (56) | 8 (32) | |
| Stable disease | 4 (16) | 5 (20) | |
| Partial response | 7 (28) | 3 (12) | |
| Complete response | 0 | 9 (36) | |
| Other anticancer therapy in past 6 months (cases) | |||
| No | 9 (36) | ||
| Yes | 16 (64) | ||
| Concurrent with ICI | 12 | ||
| After ICI discontinuation | 4 | ||
| Anticancer therapy in past 6 months (controls) | |||
| No | 9 (36) | ||
| Yes | 16 (64) | ||
| History of radiation therapy prior to ICI | |||
| Yes | 14 (56) | ||
| History of chemotherapy prior to ICI | |||
| Yes | 14 (56) | ||
| Time between initiation of anticancer therapy and COVID-19 diagnosis | 0.52 | ||
| Median, days (range) | 125 (13– 718) | 67 (2–1684) | |
| Time between last dose of anticancer therapy | |||
| Median, days (range) | 29 (0–328) | 12 (0–118) | 0.03 |
| Patient still currently receiving ICI (or anticancer therapy) at time of COVID-19 diagnosis | 0.99 | ||
| Yes | 7 (28) | 6 (24) | |
| No | 18 (72) | 19 (74) | |
BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor
For cases, thoracic cancers include five squamous cell, four adenocarcinoma, and one non–small-cell lung cancer, not otherwise specified. For controls, one case of small cell lung cancer
For cases, skin cancers include three melanoma and two nonmelanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma).
For cases, gastrointestinal cancers include one esophageal, one liver, one colon, and one gastric cancer. For controls, one liver, four colon, one gastric, and one pancreatic cancer
For cases, other cancer types include four oropharyngeal, one breast, and one acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For controls, one breast, one AML, one chronic myeloid leukemia, one acute lymphoblastic leukemia, one myelofibrosis, three B-cell lymphoma, one T-cell lymphoma, one multiple myeloma, two prostate, one ovarian, one thyroid, one bladder, one renal, and one brain cancer
Including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac disease not otherwise specified