Table 4.
Growth in Math Efficacy by Race/Ethnicity/Immigrant Status and Destination
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE |
| Race/ethnicity/immigrant generation. | ||||||||
| Black | 0.223 | 0.081** | −0.052 | 0.085 | 0.066 | 0.093 | 0.075 | 0.090 |
| Mexican-origin (all) | −0.109 | 0.074 | −0.024 | 0.094 | 0.007 | 0.120 | ||
| Mexican-origin first generation | −0.232 | 0.431 | ||||||
| Mexican-origin second/2.5 generation | 0.112 | 0.160 | ||||||
| Mexican-origin 3+ generation | −0.144 | 0.144 | ||||||
| Mexican-origin unknown generation (ref. White) | 0.071 | 0.133 | ||||||
| Destination | ||||||||
| New destination | −0.096 | 0.048* | −0.066 | 0.064 | −0.067 | 0.089 | −0.061 | 0.086 |
| Other destination (ref. Established destination) | −0.100 | 0.051+ | −0.102 | 0.056+ | −0.088 | 0.090 | −0.082 | 0.085 |
| Interactions | ||||||||
| Black × New Destination | 0.051 | 0.128 | 0.018 | 0.127 | 0.014 | 0.125 | ||
| Black × Other Destination | 0.371 | 0.128** | 0.339 | 0.144* | 0.325 | 0.132* | ||
| Mexican-Origin (all) × New Destination | −0.092 | 0.152 | −0.069 | 0.172 | ||||
| Mexican-Origin (all) × Other Destination | −0.354 | 0.169* | −0.339 | 0.194+ | ||||
| Mexican-Origin First Generation × New Destination | 0.470 | 0.451 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin First Generation × Other Gestination | −0.668 | 0.632 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin Second/2.5 Generation × New Destination | −0.238 | 0.209 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin Second/2.5 Generation × Other Destination | 0.082 | 0.189 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin 3+ Generation × New Destination | 0.164 | 0.183 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin 3+ Generation × Other Destination | −0.036 | 0.206 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin Unknown Generation × New Destination | −0.256 | 0.223 | ||||||
| Mexican-Origin Unknown Generation × Other Destination | −0.544 | 0.339 | ||||||
| Grade 9 math identity | 0.328 | 0.024*** | 0.329 | 0.024*** | 0.273 | 0.025*** | 0.274 | 0.024*** |
| Immigrant generation | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Individual level characteristics | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||||
| School characteristics | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||||
| County characteristics | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Math background | No | No | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Constant | 0.057 | 0.037 | 0.051 | 0.043 | 0.500 | 0.862 | 0.679 | 0.903 |
| Random effects parameters | ||||||||
| School variance | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.027 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.008 |
| Residual variance | 0.858 | 0.032 | 0.853 | 0.032 | 0.815 | 0.028 | 0.811 | 0.029 |
| n | 9,200 | 9,200 | 9,200 | 9,200 | ||||
| Number of schools | 740 | 740 | 740 | 740 | ||||
Note. Results were also estimated without grade 9 math efficacy and are available upon request. Data source was the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School Longitudinal study of 2009, 2013 Update and High School Transcripts Restricted-use Data File.
+
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.