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. 2022 Apr 22;2022:8588272. doi: 10.1155/2022/8588272

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics and 95% CIs for cognitive-behavioral parameters in the visuospatial modality, in different intervention groups. The delta values are calculated as the second half of each block minus the first half of that block. The P values are computed by comparing the mean delta values with zero using the one-sample t-test. A significantly positive mean delta value indicates an increase in the parameter over the 8-minute course of the block.

Intervention Parameter Sex N Mean SD 95% CI Min Max P
Silence Hit rate Female 17 0.795 0.144 0.72 0.87 0.50 0.94
Male 14 0.852 0.140 0.77 0.93 0.47 1.00
Total 31 0.820 0.143 0.77 0.87 0.47 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.046 0.135 -0.12 0.02 -0.31 0.17
Male 14 -0.122 0.077 -0.17 -0.08 -0.26 0.00
Total 31 -0.080 0.117 -0.12 -0.04 -0.31 0.17 0.001
FA rate Female 17 0.081 0.072 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.27
Male 14 0.045 0.045 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.18
Total 31 0.065 0.063 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.27
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.008 0.046 -0.02 0.03 -0.07 0.13
Male 14 -0.014 0.035 -0.03 0.01 -0.10 0.04
Total 31 -0.002 0.042 -0.02 0.01 -0.10 0.13 0.772
A′ Female 17 0.913 0.073 0.88 0.95 0.69 0.98
Male 14 0.945 0.056 0.91 0.98 0.82 0.99
Total 31 0.927 0.067 0.90 0.95 0.69 0.99
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.019 0.051 -0.05 0.01 -0.12 0.06
Male 14 -0.028 0.029 -0.04 -0.01 -0.09 0.03
Total 31 -0.023 0.042 -0.04 -0.01 -0.12 0.06 0.005
B′′ Female 17 0.391 0.326 0.22 0.56 -0.31 0.83
Male 14 0.402 0.483 0.12 0.68 -1.00 0.86
Total 31 0.396 0.397 0.25 0.54 -1.00 0.86
WM Female 17 1.427 0.374 1.23 1.62 0.46 1.84
Male 14 1.613 0.340 1.42 1.81 0.79 1.91
Total 31 1.511 0.365 1.38 1.64 0.46 1.91
Delta WM Female 17 -0.108 0.300 -0.26 0.05 -0.67 0.34
Male 14 -0.215 0.150 -0.30 -0.13 -0.46 -0.03
Total 31 -0.156 0.246 -0.25 -0.07 -0.67 0.34 0.001
RT Female 17 1.487 0.308 1.33 1.65 0.93 2.14
Male 14 1.439 0.191 1.33 1.55 1.17 1.72
Total 31 1.466 0.259 1.37 1.56 0.93 2.14
Delta RT Female 17 0.025 0.213 -0.08 0.13 -0.35 0.46
Male 14 -0.048 0.176 -0.15 0.05 -0.36 0.32
Total 31 -0.008 0.197 -0.08 0.06 -0.36 0.46 0.819
RTSD Female 17 0.547 0.156 0.47 0.63 0.31 0.86
Male 14 0.521 0.131 0.45 0.60 0.33 0.79
Total 31 0.535 0.144 0.48 0.59 0.31 0.86
Pure tone Hit rate Female 17 0.813 0.137 0.74 0.88 0.57 0.97
Male 14 0.850 0.109 0.79 0.91 0.65 1.00
Total 31 0.830 0.125 0.78 0.88 0.57 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.020 0.160 -0.10 0.06 -0.39 0.21
Male 14 -0.035 0.108 -0.10 0.03 -0.22 0.17
Total 31 -0.027 0.137 -0.08 0.02 -0.39 0.21 0.282
FA rate Female 17 0.097 0.110 0.04 0.15 0.01 0.47
Male 14 0.050 0.059 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.24
Total 31 0.076 0.092 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.47
Delta FA rate Female 17 -0.016 0.047 -0.04 0.01 -0.12 0.08
Male 14 -0.022 0.028 -0.04 -0.01 -0.06 0.04
Total 31 -0.019 0.039 -0.03 0.00 -0.12 0.08 0.012
A′ Female 17 0.912 0.086 0.87 0.96 0.62 0.98
Male 14 0.943 0.052 0.91 0.97 0.79 1.00
Total 31 0.926 0.073 0.90 0.95 0.62 1.00
Delta A′ Female 17 0.003 0.057 -0.03 0.03 -0.14 0.11
Male 14 -0.006 0.042 -0.03 0.02 -0.11 0.05
Total 31 -0.001 0.050 -0.02 0.02 -0.14 0.11 0.890
B′′ Female 17 0.285 0.429 0.06 0.51 -0.58 0.91
Male 13 0.377 0.481 0.09 0.67 -1.00 0.80
Total 30 0.325 0.447 0.16 0.49 -1.00 0.91
WM Female 17 1.431 0.394 1.23 1.63 0.26 1.81
Male 14 1.600 0.309 1.42 1.78 0.82 2.00
Total 31 1.508 0.363 1.37 1.64 0.26 2.00
Delta WM Female 17 -0.008 0.323 -0.17 0.16 -0.81 0.46
Male 14 -0.027 0.240 -0.17 0.11 -0.50 0.38
Total 31 -0.017 0.284 -0.12 0.09 -0.81 0.46 0.746
RT Female 17 1.498 0.281 1.35 1.64 0.85 2.13
Male 14 1.483 0.214 1.36 1.61 0.98 1.82
Total 31 1.491 0.249 1.40 1.58 0.85 2.13
Delta RT Female 17 -0.064 0.235 -0.18 0.06 -0.72 0.22
Male 14 -0.139 0.221 -0.27 -0.01 -0.64 0.29
Total 31 -0.098 0.228 -0.18 -0.01 -0.72 0.29 0.024
RTSD Female 17 0.554 0.126 0.49 0.62 0.29 0.81
Male 14 0.507 0.170 0.41 0.61 0.26 0.84
Total 31 0.533 0.147 0.48 0.59 0.26 0.84
10 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.817 0.143 0.74 0.89 0.42 0.97
Male 14 0.903 0.084 0.86 0.95 0.72 1.00
Total 31 0.856 0.126 0.81 0.90 0.42 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.008 0.113 -0.07 0.05 -0.20 0.25
Male 14 -0.008 0.077 -0.05 0.04 -0.13 0.13
Total 31 -0.008 0.097 -0.04 0.03 -0.20 0.25 0.637
FA rate Female 17 0.083 0.098 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.40
Male 14 0.053 0.045 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.15
Total 31 0.070 0.079 0.04 0.10 0.01 0.40
Delta FA rate Female 17 -0.013 0.046 -0.04 0.01 -0.12 0.10
Male 14 -0.015 0.034 -0.03 0.01 -0.09 0.04
Total 31 -0.014 0.040 -0.03 0.00 -0.12 0.10 0.070
A′ Female 17 0.918 0.084 0.87 0.96 0.64 0.99
Male 14 0.959 0.029 0.94 0.98 0.90 0.99
Total 31 0.937 0.067 0.91 0.96 0.64 0.99
Delta A′ Female 17 0.008 0.044 -0.01 0.03 -0.04 0.11
Male 14 0.002 0.023 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.04
Total 31 0.005 0.035 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.11 0.428
B′′ Female 17 0.358 0.333 0.19 0.53 -0.16 0.83
Male 14 0.169 0.515 -0.13 0.47 -1.00 0.90
Total 31 0.273 0.428 0.12 0.43 -1.00 0.90
WM Female 17 1.467 0.408 1.26 1.68 0.33 1.90
Male 14 1.701 0.202 1.58 1.82 1.28 1.93
Total 31 1.573 0.347 1.45 1.70 0.33 1.93
Delta WM Female 17 0.009 0.239 -0.11 0.13 -0.34 0.52
Male 14 0.012 0.167 -0.08 0.11 -0.20 0.30
Total 31 0.011 0.206 -0.07 0.09 -0.34 0.52 0.777
RT Female 17 1.429 0.232 1.31 1.55 1.02 1.95
Male 14 1.456 0.207 1.34 1.58 1.05 1.78
Total 31 1.441 0.218 1.36 1.52 1.02 1.95
Delta RT Female 17 -0.060 0.213 -0.17 0.05 -0.52 0.22
Male 14 -0.058 0.164 -0.15 0.04 -0.41 0.24
Total 31 -0.059 0.189 -0.13 0.01 -0.52 0.24 0.093
RTSD Female 17 0.518 0.113 0.46 0.58 0.29 0.75
Male 14 0.496 0.128 0.42 0.57 0.33 0.69
Total 31 0.508 0.118 0.46 0.55 0.29 0.75
16 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.827 0.177 0.74 0.92 0.30 1.00
Male 14 0.855 0.103 0.80 0.91 0.57 0.97
Total 31 0.840 0.147 0.79 0.89 0.30 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.096 0.130 -0.16 -0.03 -0.29 0.19
Male 14 -0.047 0.169 -0.14 0.05 -0.37 0.25
Total 31 -0.074 0.149 -0.13 -0.02 -0.37 0.25 0.009
FA rate Female 17 0.093 0.108 0.04 0.15 0.00 0.39
Male 14 0.046 0.043 0.02 0.07 0.00 0.12
Total 31 0.072 0.087 0.04 0.10 0.00 0.39
Delta FA rate Female 17 -0.026 0.065 -0.06 0.01 -0.15 0.05
Male 14 0.007 0.039 -0.01 0.03 -0.04 0.11
Total 31 -0.011 0.057 -0.03 0.01 -0.15 0.11 0.291
A′ Female 17 0.918 0.088 0.87 0.96 0.64 1.00
Male 14 0.948 0.034 0.93 0.97 0.85 0.99
Total 31 0.932 0.069 0.91 0.96 0.64 1.00
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.025 0.048 -0.05 0.00 -0.16 0.04
Male 14 -0.015 0.043 -0.04 0.01 -0.09 0.06
Total 31 -0.020 0.045 -0.04 0.00 -0.16 0.06 0.018
B′′ Female 16 0.266 0.393 0.06 0.48 -0.69 0.83
Male 14 0.494 0.459 0.23 0.76 -0.42 1.00
Total 30 0.372 0.433 0.21 0.53 -0.69 1.00
WM Female 17 1.469 0.454 1.24 1.70 0.32 2.00
Male 14 1.617 0.225 1.49 1.75 0.99 1.93
Total 31 1.536 0.371 1.40 1.67 0.32 2.00
Delta WM Female 17 -0.140 0.269 -0.28 0.00 -0.66 0.34
Male 14 -0.109 0.329 -0.30 0.08 -0.73 0.46
Total 31 -0.126 0.292 -0.23 -0.02 -0.73 0.46 0.023
RT Female 17 1.541 0.273 1.40 1.68 0.90 2.05
Male 14 1.481 0.243 1.34 1.62 1.11 1.84
Total 31 1.514 0.257 1.42 1.61 0.90 2.05
Delta RT Female 17 -0.041 0.184 -0.14 0.05 -0.43 0.27
Male 14 0.030 0.194 -0.08 0.14 -0.21 0.31
Total 31 -0.009 0.189 -0.08 0.06 -0.43 0.31 0.795
RTSD Female 17 0.555 0.137 0.48 0.63 0.33 0.83
Male 14 0.506 0.079 0.46 0.55 0.38 0.62
Total 31 0.533 0.116 0.49 0.58 0.33 0.83
40 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.812 0.174 0.72 0.90 0.38 1.00
Male 14 0.851 0.067 0.81 0.89 0.73 0.93
Total 31 0.830 0.136 0.78 0.88 0.38 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.076 0.156 -0.16 0.00 -0.53 0.12
Male 14 0.031 0.147 -0.05 0.12 -0.10 0.44
Total 31 -0.027 0.159 -0.09 0.03 -0.53 0.44 0.345
FA rate Female 17 0.074 0.078 0.03 0.11 0.01 0.32
Male 14 0.050 0.058 0.02 0.08 0.00 0.20
Total 31 0.064 0.070 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.32
Delta FA rate Female 17 -0.016 0.052 -0.04 0.01 -0.13 0.10
Male 14 -0.004 0.021 -0.02 0.01 -0.05 0.03
Total 31 -0.010 0.041 -0.03 0.00 -0.13 0.10 0.162
A′ Female 17 0.917 0.095 0.87 0.97 0.61 1.00
Male 14 0.944 0.037 0.92 0.97 0.85 0.98
Total 31 0.929 0.075 0.90 0.96 0.61 1.00
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.032 0.097 -0.08 0.02 -0.39 0.05
Male 14 0.014 0.061 -0.02 0.05 -0.03 0.21
Total 31 -0.011 0.085 -0.04 0.02 -0.39 0.21 0.457
B′′ Female 17 0.246 0.539 -0.03 0.52 -1.00 0.86
Male 14 0.559 0.312 0.38 0.74 0.10 1.00
Total 31 0.388 0.471 0.21 0.56 -1.00 1.00
WM Female 17 1.475 0.449 1.24 1.71 0.24 1.97
Male 14 1.601 0.228 1.47 1.73 1.07 1.87
Total 31 1.532 0.366 1.40 1.67 0.24 1.97
Delta WM Female 17 -0.119 0.254 -0.25 0.01 -0.79 0.24
Male 14 0.070 0.318 -0.11 0.25 -0.22 0.97
Total 31 -0.034 0.296 -0.14 0.07 -0.79 0.97 0.530
RT Female 17 1.463 0.255 1.33 1.59 0.90 1.97
Male 14 1.519 0.224 1.39 1.65 1.13 1.93
Total 31 1.488 0.239 1.40 1.58 0.90 1.97
Delta RT Female 17 -0.130 0.238 -0.25 -0.01 -0.56 0.17
Male 14 -0.067 0.244 -0.21 0.07 -0.46 0.36
Total 31 -0.101 0.239 -0.19 -0.01 -0.56 0.36 0.025
RTSD Female 17 0.528 0.145 0.45 0.60 0.22 0.81
Male 14 0.525 0.108 0.46 0.59 0.37 0.70
Total 31 0.527 0.127 0.48 0.57 0.22 0.81

BB: binaural beat; FA rate: false alarm rate; A′: sensitivity; B″: response bias; WM: working memory; RT: response time; RTSD: response time standard deviation; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; Min: minimum; Max: maximum.