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. 2022 Apr 22;2022:8588272. doi: 10.1155/2022/8588272

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and 95% CIs for cognitive-behavioral parameters in the auditory-verbal modality, in different intervention groups. The delta values are calculated as the second half of each block minus the first half of that block. The P values are calculated by comparing the mean delta values with zero, using the one-sample t-test. A significantly negative mean delta value shows a decline in the parameter in 8 minutes.

Intervention Parameter Sex N Mean SD 95% CI Min Max P
Silence Hit rate Female 17 0.865 0.098 0.81 0.92 0.67 0.97
Male 14 0.913 0.098 0.86 0.97 0.67 1.00
Total 31 0.887 0.099 0.85 0.92 0.67 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 0.002 0.115 -0.06 0.06 -0.26 0.17
Male 14 0.004 0.115 -0.06 0.07 -0.35 0.14
Total 31 0.003 0.113 -0.04 0.04 -0.35 0.17 0.898
FA rate Female 17 0.126 0.078 0.09 0.17 0.03 0.34
Male 14 0.090 0.063 0.05 0.13 0.02 0.28
Total 31 0.110 0.073 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.34
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.015 0.051 -0.01 0.04 -0.07 0.13
Male 14 0.018 0.062 -0.02 0.05 -0.09 0.15
Total 31 0.016 0.055 0.00 0.04 -0.09 0.15 0.107
A′ Female 17 0.923 0.052 0.90 0.95 0.75 0.98
Male 14 0.951 0.035 0.93 0.97 0.88 1.00
Total 31 0.936 0.047 0.92 0.95 0.75 1.00
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.006 0.047 -0.03 0.02 -0.12 0.09
Male 14 -0.004 0.042 -0.03 0.02 -0.13 0.07
Total 31 -0.005 0.044 -0.02 0.01 -0.13 0.09 0.536
B′′ Female 17 -0.027 0.440 -0.25 0.20 -0.67 0.59
Male 14 -0.284 0.609 -0.64 0.07 -1.00 0.57
Total 31 -0.143 0.530 -0.34 0.05 -1.00 0.59
WM Female 17 1.479 0.269 1.34 1.62 0.66 1.88
Male 14 1.645 0.235 1.51 1.78 1.18 1.97
Total 31 1.554 0.264 1.46 1.65 0.66 1.97
Delta WM Female 17 -0.027 0.276 -0.17 0.11 -0.68 0.47
Male 14 -0.028 0.276 -0.19 0.13 -0.82 0.45
Total 31 -0.028 0.271 -0.13 0.07 -0.82 0.47 0.575
RT Female 17 1.551 0.229 1.43 1.67 1.26 2.03
Male 14 1.576 0.186 1.47 1.68 1.31 2.00
Total 31 1.563 0.208 1.49 1.64 1.26 2.03
Delta RT Female 17 -0.021 0.194 -0.12 0.08 -0.41 0.36
Male 14 -0.045 0.192 -0.16 0.07 -0.50 0.23
Total 31 -0.032 0.190 -0.10 0.04 -0.50 0.36 0.357
RTSD Female 17 0.474 0.130 0.41 0.54 0.29 0.70
Male 14 0.473 0.092 0.42 0.53 0.24 0.60
Total 31 0.473 0.113 0.43 0.51 0.24 0.70
Pure tone Hit rate Female 17 0.868 0.080 0.83 0.91 0.70 0.97
Male 14 0.888 0.118 0.82 0.96 0.53 1.00
Total 31 0.877 0.098 0.84 0.91 0.53 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 0.037 0.166 -0.05 0.12 -0.25 0.40
Male 14 -0.045 0.140 -0.13 0.04 -0.27 0.26
Total 31 0.000 0.158 -0.06 0.06 -0.27 0.40 0.999
FA rate Female 17 0.140 0.143 0.07 0.21 0.03 0.64
Male 14 0.091 0.058 0.06 0.12 0.02 0.23
Total 31 0.118 0.114 0.08 0.16 0.02 0.64
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.032 0.054 0.00 0.06 -0.09 0.09
Male 14 0.028 0.038 0.01 0.05 -0.04 0.10
Total 31 0.031 0.047 0.01 0.05 -0.09 0.10 0.001
A′ Female 17 0.922 0.048 0.90 0.95 0.76 0.98
Male 14 0.943 0.041 0.92 0.97 0.85 1.00
Total 31 0.931 0.046 0.91 0.95 0.76 1.00
Delta A′ Female 17 0.004 0.055 -0.02 0.03 -0.10 0.11
Male 14 -0.021 0.050 -0.05 0.01 -0.09 0.10
Total 31 -0.007 0.053 -0.03 0.01 -0.10 0.11 0.441
B′′ Female 17 0.036 0.411 -0.18 0.25 -0.70 0.68
Male 14 -0.065 0.436 -0.32 0.19 -1.00 0.67
Total 31 -0.010 0.419 -0.16 0.14 -1.00 0.68
WM Female 17 1.455 0.283 1.31 1.60 0.53 1.81
Male 14 1.594 0.267 1.44 1.75 0.96 1.97
Total 31 1.518 0.280 1.42 1.62 0.53 1.97
Delta WM Female 17 0.009 0.361 -0.18 0.19 -0.64 0.80
Male 14 -0.146 0.309 -0.32 0.03 -0.63 0.59
Total 31 -0.061 0.342 -0.19 0.06 -0.64 0.80 0.328
RT Female 17 1.512 0.226 1.40 1.63 1.04 1.90
Male 14 1.588 0.203 1.47 1.71 1.32 1.97
Total 31 1.546 0.216 1.47 1.63 1.04 1.97
Delta RT Female 17 -0.090 0.131 -0.16 -0.02 -0.32 0.13
Male 14 0.019 0.150 -0.07 0.11 -0.26 0.22
Total 31 -0.041 0.148 -0.09 0.01 -0.32 0.22 0.136
RTSD Female 17 0.456 0.149 0.38 0.53 0.23 0.69
Male 14 0.465 0.080 0.42 0.51 0.37 0.65
Total 31 0.460 0.121 0.42 0.50 0.23 0.69
10 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.846 0.149 0.77 0.92 0.37 1.00
Male 14 0.870 0.114 0.80 0.94 0.65 1.00
Total 31 0.857 0.133 0.81 0.91 0.37 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.024 0.160 -0.11 0.06 -0.30 0.30
Male 14 -0.019 0.125 -0.09 0.05 -0.17 0.28
Total 31 -0.022 0.143 -0.07 0.03 -0.30 0.30 0.408
FA rate Female 17 0.136 0.124 0.07 0.20 0.04 0.57
Male 14 0.083 0.038 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.16
Total 31 0.112 0.098 0.08 0.15 0.02 0.57
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.008 0.058 -0.02 0.04 -0.10 0.11
Male 14 0.011 0.048 -0.02 0.04 -0.07 0.09
Total 31 0.010 0.053 -0.01 0.03 -0.10 0.11 0.317
A′ Female 17 0.914 0.066 0.88 0.95 0.71 0.99
Male 14 0.941 0.034 0.92 0.96 0.88 0.98
Total 31 0.926 0.055 0.91 0.95 0.71 0.99
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.009 0.058 -0.04 0.02 -0.11 0.07
Male 14 -0.009 0.038 -0.03 0.01 -0.05 0.06
Total 31 -0.009 0.049 -0.03 0.01 -0.11 0.07 0.319
B′′ Female 17 -0.056 0.479 -0.30 0.19 -1.00 0.70
Male 14 -0.020 0.567 -0.35 0.31 -1.00 0.84
Total 31 -0.040 0.512 -0.23 0.15 -1.00 0.84
WM Female 17 1.419 0.363 1.23 1.61 0.47 1.91
Male 14 1.575 0.228 1.44 1.71 1.19 1.88
Total 31 1.489 0.315 1.37 1.60 0.47 1.91
Delta WM Female 17 -0.064 0.365 -0.25 0.12 -0.66 0.51
Male 14 -0.061 0.256 -0.21 0.09 -0.36 0.44
Total 31 -0.062 0.316 -0.18 0.05 -0.66 0.51 0.280
RT Female 17 1.541 0.232 1.42 1.66 1.12 1.92
Male 14 1.610 0.224 1.48 1.74 1.29 2.04
Total 31 1.572 0.227 1.49 1.66 1.12 2.04
Delta RT Female 17 0.023 0.211 -0.09 0.13 -0.49 0.27
Male 14 -0.043 0.235 -0.18 0.09 -0.52 0.31
Total 31 -0.007 0.221 -0.09 0.07 -0.52 0.31 0.862
RTSD Female 17 0.456 0.105 0.40 0.51 0.24 0.69
Male 14 0.488 0.123 0.42 0.56 0.31 0.74
Total 31 0.470 0.113 0.43 0.51 0.24 0.74
16 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.854 0.114 0.80 0.91 0.60 1.00
Male 14 0.905 0.106 0.84 0.97 0.67 1.00
Total 31 0.877 0.112 0.84 0.92 0.60 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.083 0.085 -0.13 -0.04 -0.25 0.11
Male 14 -0.024 0.099 -0.08 0.03 -0.23 0.11
Total 31 -0.056 0.095 -0.09 -0.02 -0.25 0.11 0.003
FA rate Female 17 0.139 0.118 0.08 0.20 0.04 0.49
Male 14 0.084 0.040 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.16
Total 31 0.114 0.094 0.08 0.15 0.00 0.49
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.014 0.066 -0.02 0.05 -0.11 0.11
Male 14 0.037 0.045 0.01 0.06 -0.03 0.15
Total 31 0.025 0.058 0.00 0.05 -0.11 0.15 0.023
A′ Female 17 0.915 0.061 0.88 0.95 0.73 0.98
Male 14 0.951 0.029 0.93 0.97 0.88 0.99
Total 31 0.931 0.052 0.91 0.95 0.73 0.99
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.035 0.039 -0.05 -0.01 -0.14 0.02
Male 14 -0.018 0.035 -0.04 0.00 -0.08 0.04
Total 31 -0.027 0.038 -0.04 -0.01 -0.14 0.04 <0.0005
B′′ Female 17 0.007 0.418 -0.21 0.22 -1.00 0.70
Male 14 -0.126 0.667 -0.51 0.26 -1.00 1.00
Total 31 -0.053 0.539 -0.25 0.14 -1.00 1.00
WM Female 17 1.430 0.327 1.26 1.60 0.56 1.81
Male 14 1.642 0.199 1.53 1.76 1.19 1.93
Total 31 1.526 0.293 1.42 1.63 0.56 1.93
Delta WM Female 17 -0.194 0.177 -0.28 -0.10 -0.50 0.11
Male 14 -0.123 0.233 -0.26 0.01 -0.54 0.29
Total 31 -0.162 0.204 -0.24 -0.09 -0.54 0.29 <0.0005
RT Female 17 1.526 0.232 1.41 1.65 1.09 1.92
Male 14 1.587 0.214 1.46 1.71 1.16 2.02
Total 31 1.554 0.223 1.47 1.64 1.09 2.02
Delta RT Female 17 -0.033 0.166 -0.12 0.05 -0.44 0.28
Male 14 -0.087 0.204 -0.20 0.03 -0.60 0.11
Total 31 -0.057 0.183 -0.12 0.01 -0.60 0.28 0.092
RTSD Female 17 0.461 0.130 0.39 0.53 0.25 0.69
Male 14 0.461 0.076 0.42 0.51 0.29 0.57
Total 31 0.461 0.108 0.42 0.50 0.25 0.69
40 Hz BB Hit rate Female 17 0.877 0.109 0.82 0.93 0.63 1.00
Male 14 0.915 0.093 0.86 0.97 0.73 1.00
Total 31 0.894 0.102 0.86 0.93 0.63 1.00
Delta hit rate Female 17 -0.023 0.125 -0.09 0.04 -0.28 0.21
Male 14 -0.062 0.098 -0.12 -0.01 -0.25 0.08
Total 31 -0.041 0.113 -0.08 0.00 -0.28 0.21 0.054
FA rate Female 17 0.132 0.087 0.09 0.18 0.03 0.40
Male 14 0.096 0.057 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.23
Total 31 0.116 0.076 0.09 0.14 0.03 0.40
Delta FA rate Female 17 0.014 0.057 -0.02 0.04 -0.06 0.14
Male 14 0.009 0.049 -0.02 0.04 -0.05 0.10
Total 31 0.012 0.053 -0.01 0.03 -0.06 0.14 0.220
A′ Female 17 0.925 0.052 0.90 0.95 0.81 0.99
Male 14 0.950 0.034 0.93 0.97 0.88 0.99
Total 31 0.936 0.046 0.92 0.95 0.81 0.99
Delta A′ Female 17 -0.013 0.056 -0.04 0.02 -0.11 0.09
Male 14 -0.023 0.046 -0.05 0.00 -0.13 0.03
Total 31 -0.017 0.051 -0.04 0.00 -0.13 0.09 0.068
B′′ Female 17 -0.183 0.495 -0.44 0.07 -1.00 0.43
Male 14 -0.258 0.621 -0.62 0.10 -1.00 0.71
Total 31 -0.217 0.547 -0.42 -0.02 -1.00 0.71
WM Female 17 1.490 0.311 1.33 1.65 0.87 1.91
Male 14 1.639 0.218 1.51 1.76 1.21 1.90
Total 31 1.557 0.279 1.46 1.66 0.87 1.91
Delta WM Female 17 -0.074 0.312 -0.23 0.09 -0.66 0.47
Male 14 -0.143 0.266 -0.30 0.01 -0.67 0.19
Total 31 -0.105 0.290 -0.21 0.00 -0.67 0.47 0.052
RT Female 17 1.534 0.217 1.42 1.65 1.21 1.90
Male 14 1.530 0.198 1.42 1.64 1.19 1.97
Total 31 1.532 0.205 1.46 1.61 1.19 1.97
Delta RT Female 17 -0.089 0.201 -0.19 0.01 -0.56 0.28
Male 14 -0.021 0.130 -0.10 0.05 -0.20 0.27
Total 31 -0.058 0.173 -0.12 0.01 -0.56 0.28 0.072
RTSD Female 17 0.493 0.124 0.43 0.56 0.30 0.70
Male 14 0.430 0.100 0.37 0.49 0.19 0.55
Total 31 0.465 0.116 0.42 0.51 0.19 0.70

BB: binaural beat; FA rate: false alarm rate; A′: sensitivity; B″: response bias; WM: working memory; RT: response time; RTSD: response time standard deviation; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; Min: minimum; Max: maximum.