TABLE 5.
Pre-adjusted AUC for plasma amino acid concentrations over 4 h following the meals1
| Amino acids | Pasture | Grain | Lamb | BB | P* | Post hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAAs | ||||||
| Isoleucine | 120 ± 9 | 163 ± 12 | 180 ± 10 | 87 ± 7 | 0.001 | abef |
| Leucine | 191 ± 15 | 261 ± 18 | 267 ± 14 | 112 ± 10 | 0.001 | abcef |
| Valine | 209 ± 16 | 277 ± 19 | 306 ± 15 | 137 ± 12 | 0.001 | abcef |
| Histidine | 48 ± 4 | 54 ± 4 | 53 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 0.001 | cef |
| Lysine | 237 ± 16 | 286 ± 16 | 291 ± 12 | 115 ± 11 | 0.001 | bcef |
| Methionine | 42 ± 3 | 56 ± 4 | 58 ± 4 | −8 ± 2 | 0.001 | abcef |
| Phenylalanine | 67 ± 5 | 84 ± 5 | 82 ± 6 | 76 ± 4 | 0.079 | |
| Threonine | 126 ± 10 | 151 ± 13 | 157 ± 12 | 54 ± 8 | 0.001 | cef |
| Tryptophan | 118 ± 8 | 148 ± 10 | 152 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 0.001 | cef |
| NEAAs | ||||||
| Alanine | 540 ± 28 | 575 ± 44 | 568 ± 49 | 387 ± 37 | 0.004 | cef |
| Arginine | 95 ± 7 | 107 ± 8 | 118 ± 7 | 92 ± 7 | 0.058 | |
| Asparagine | 53 ± 5 | 65 ± 6 | 60 ± 5 | 67 ± 5 | 0.299 | |
| Aspartic acid | 2 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 0.04 ± 0.5 | 0.010 | e |
| Glutamic acid | 3 ± 7 | 9 ± 9 | 13 ± 9 | 2 ± 6 | 0.722 | |
| Glutamine | 244 ± 33 | 285 ± 29 | 256 ± 28 | 230 ± 38 | 0.672 | |
| Glycine | 155 ± 12 | 132 ± 17 | 123 ± 14 | 68 ± 13 | 0.001 | cef |
| Proline | 378 ± 16 | 384 ± 17 | 389 ± 16 | 290 ± 16 | 0.001 | cef |
| Serine | 72 ± 9 | 85 ± 11 | 74 ± 8 | 60 ± 6 | 0.251 | |
| Tyrosine | 51 ± 5 | 68 ± 5 | 76 ± 5 | 36 ± 5 | 0.001 | bef |
| NPAAs | ||||||
| Citrulline | –14 ± 2 | -2 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | –11 ± 3 | 0.001 | abdef |
| Hydroxyproline | 29 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | –2 ± 1 | 0.001 | abcef |
| Ornithine | 54 ± 5 | 57 ± 5 | 52 ± 4 | 51 ± 4 | 0.826 | |
| Taurine | 19 ± 3 | 56 ± 5 | 11 ± 4 | –29 ± 3 | 0.001 | acdef |
| BCAAs | 520 ± 40 | 702 ± 48 | 753 ± 38 | 336 ± 28 | 0.001 | abcef |
| EAAs | 1158 ± 78 | 1481 ± 88 | 1546 ± 72 | 663 ± 57 | 0.001 | abcef |
| NEAAs | 1601 ± 97 | 1706 ± 113 | 1700 ± 101 | 1218 ± 104 | 0.004 | ef |
| NPAAs | 88 ± 8 | 124 ± 9 | 84 ± 7 | 10 ± 6 | 0.001 | acdef |
| TAAs | 2845 ± 176 | 3299 ± 195 | 3366 ± 154 | 1899 ± 157 | 0.001 | cef |
1
Values are means ± SEMs in µmol ⋅ h/L; n = 29. The test meal groups contained either pasture-raised beef (Pasture), grain-finished beef (Grain), pasture-raised lamb (Lamb), or BB. *P values from the overall F ratio test. Post hoc pairwise comparisons by Tukey's test (P < 0.05) are as follows: abetween Pasture and Grain, bbetween Pasture and Lamb, cbetween Pasture and BB, dbetween Grain and Lamb, ebetween Grain and BB, fbetween Lamb and BB. BB, Beyond Burger (Beyond Meat); BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; EAA, essential amino acid; NEAA, nonessential amino acid; NPAA, non-proteogenic amino acid; TAA, total amino acid.