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. 2022 Feb 22;77(Suppl 2):S189–S198. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbac029

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Figure 1. — Adjusted annual percent change (AAPC) in disability from 2002 to 2016 in the United States and England, by age group. Note: Control variables included sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, foreign-born status, race, household size, marital status, number of children) and survey design aspects (refreshment sample indicator, interview month, proxy interview indicator). Disability was defined as having at least one IADL/ADL limitation. ADL = activity of daily living; CI = confidence interval; ELSA = English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; IADL = instrumental activity of daily living.