Figure 2.

Adjusted annual percent change (AAPC) in disability from 2002 to 2016 in the United States and England, by income and age group. Note: Control variables included sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, foreign-born status, race, household size, marital status, number of children) and survey design aspects (refreshment sample indicator, interview month, proxy interview indicator). Income quintile was defined as weighted income, which was adjusted by the square root of household size, divided into five groups within the study, year, and age. Disability measure was an indicator of having at least one IADL/ADL limitation. Results for all income quintile groups are summarized in Supplementary Figure 7. ADL = activity of daily living; IADL = instrumental activity of daily living.