Table 3.
Unadjusted Average Prevalence (%) of Disability During 2002–2008 and 2010–2016 and Annual Percent Change (APC) From 2002 to 2016 in the United States and England by Income and Age Group
| HRS (United States) | ELSA (England) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2008 | 2010–2016 | APC from 2002 to 2016 | 2002–2008 | 2010–2016 | APC from 2002 to 2016 | |
| % of disability (95% CI) | % of disability (95% CI) | APC (95% CI) | % of disability (95% CI) | % of disability (95% CI) | APC (95% CI) | |
| Among ages 55–64 | ||||||
| Q1: 0–20th percentile of the income distribution | 35.7 (33.7, 37.6) | 37.9 (35.5, 40.3) | 0.72 (−0.12, 1.57) | 27.5 (25.8, 29.1) | 28.7 (26.5, 30.9) | 0.44 (−0.72, 1.60) |
| Q2: 20–40th | 20.0 (18.1, 21.9) | 22.1 (20.3, 23.9) | 0.77 (−0.44, 1.98) | 22.7 (21.2, 24.3) | 18.7 (16.8, 20.5) | −2.53 (−3.91, −1.16) |
| Q3: 40–60th | 11.8 (10.4, 13.2) | 12.9 (11.6, 14.2) | 0.28 (−1.39, 1.95) | 17.2 (15.9, 18.6) | 12.9 (11.2, 14.6) | −3.80 (−5.66, −1.94) |
| Q4: 60–80th | 8.7 (7.7, 9.7) | 7.2 (6.1, 8.2) | −2.07 (−3.82, −0.32) | 11.8 (10.7, 12.9) | 7.8 (6.6, 9.0) | −5.31 (−7.34, −3.29) |
| Q5: 80–100th | 5.7 (4.6, 6.7) | 4.5 (3.6, 5.4) | −3.66 (−6.64, −0.68) | 7.9 (7.0, 8.8) | 5.1 (4.1, 6.1) | −5.90 (−8.60, −3.21) |
| Among ages 65–74 | ||||||
| Q1: 0–20th percentile of the income distribution | 35.1 (33.5, 36.6) | 34.4 (31.9, 37.0) | −0.03 (−0.95, 0.89) | 26.6 (24.9, 28.3) | 24.8 (22.8, 26.9) | −0.50 (−1.60, 0.61) |
| Q2: 20–40th | 22.0 (20.1, 23.9) | 22.7 (20.6, 24.8) | 0.39 (−0.92, 1.71) | 26.1 (24.3, 27.8) | 24.8 (22.8, 26.8) | −0.26 (−1.41, 0.89) |
| Q3: 40–60th | 17.1 (15.7, 18.5) | 15.9 (14.2, 17.5) | −0.72 (−1.94, 0.51) | 26.8 (25.1, 28.5) | 21.9 (20.1, 23.7) | −3.30 (−4.45, −2.15) |
| Q4: 60–80th | 12.9 (11.5, 14.3) | 13.1 (11.7, 14.5) | −0.47 (−1.95, 1.01) | 23.1 (21.5, 24.7) | 17.6 (15.9, 19.2) | −2.83 (−4.07, −1.59) |
| Q5: 80–100th | 10.0 (8.7, 11.3) | 9.4 (7.8, 10.9) | −1.82 (−3.85, 0.20) | 16.5 (15.1, 18.0) | 11.9 (10.6, 13.2) | −3.91 (−5.41, −2.41) |
| Among ages 75 and older | ||||||
| Q1: 0–20th percentile of the income distribution | 54.1 (51.6, 56.5) | 51.8 (49.5, 54.2) | −0.70 (−1.34, −0.06) | 40.6 (38.2, 43.0) | 40.7 (38.1, 43.2) | −0.37 (−1.31, 0.58) |
| Q2: 20–40th | 42.9 (40.2, 45.5) | 40.0 (37.8, 42.2) | −0.82 (−1.73, 0.10) | 38.2 (35.9, 40.4) | 40.6 (38.0, 43.1) | 0.94 (0.03, 1.86) |
| Q3: 40–60th | 37.3 (34.7, 39.9) | 35.4 (33.1, 37.8) | −0.56 (−1.59, 0.46) | 48.7 (46.4, 51.0) | 42.7 (40.2, 45.2) | −1.73 (−2.53, −0.93) |
| Q4: 60–80th | 32.5 (30.3, 34.7) | 32.4 (30.7, 34.0) | 0.09 (−0.85, 1.02) | 47.2 (44.9, 49.4) | 41.5 (39.0, 44.0) | −1.81 (−2.65, −0.97) |
| Q5: 80–100th | 31.1 (29.7, 32.6) | 29.5 (27.4, 31.6) | −0.78 (−1.80, 0.24) | 40.6 (38.3, 42.8) | 33.8 (31.3, 36.2) | −1.68 (−2.66, −0.70) |
Notes: ADL = activity of daily living; CI = confidence interval; ELSA = English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; HRS = Health and Retirement Study; IADL = instrumental activity of daily living. The analysis sample includes community-dwelling adults. Disability measure was an indicator of having at least one IADL/ADL limitation. Low income (Q1) was defined as the bottom 20% of the income distribution. High income (Q5) was defined as the top 20% of the income distribution. p Value was based on t test of whether the APC estimate was equal to zero.