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. 2021 Dec 3;9(5):nwab217. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwab217

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Pa/Ps ratios within species and Ka/Ks ratios between species. (a and b) Pa/Ps (or Ka/Ks) ratios in primates and birds. The red points show the heterozygous Pa/Ps ratios. Since eight species of primates have genomic data of more than five individuals, their means and standard deviations of heterozygous Pa/Ps ratios are displayed as red points and attached error bars. Each gray boxplot represents the distribution of Ka/Ks ratios between that species and other species on the phylogenetic tree. Note that the Ka/Ks ratios between species in the same family are excluded in panel (a).