Table 2.
Summary of included studies in systematic review of clinician responses to perinatal cannabis use (no date—05/31/2021).
| Lead author | Date (dates of data collection) | Country (location) | Legal statusa (recreational) | Legal statusa (medical) | Methodology | Focus of paper | N | Study purpose/objective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bergeria37 | 2015 (April 2014) | United States of America (Vermont) | Illegal | Legal | Quantitative | Lactation | 74 | To identify, (i) what recommendations lactation professionals are making to clients who use marijuana and breastfeed, and (ii) what professional guidelines, statements, or other sources lactation professionals cite as the basis for their recommendations. |
| Brooks38 | 2017 (2015) | United States of America (Colorado) | Legal | Legal | Quantitative | Pregnancy and lactation | 114 | To survey Colorado-based providers to determine: (i) their knowledge of current state laws, and marijuana health and safety risks; (ii) clinical practices surrounding marijuana assessment and patient communication; (iii) needs and preferences for additional training opportunities; and (iv) the impact of educational resources and outreach to change provider behaviour. |
| Geraghty39 | 2019 (N/A) | Australia (Perth) | Illegal | Legal | Mixed methods | Pregnancy and lactation | 14 | To identify midwives’ attitudes towards women using substances during pregnancy, which will inform the development of an integrated care pathway for the provision of optimal care. |
| Gérardin40 | 2011 (N/A) | France (Loire-Atlantique) | Illegal | Illegal | Quantitative | Pregnancy | 204 | To survey health care professionals in order to evaluate practices of detection and care for pregnant women who use cannabis. |
| Gotham41 | 2019 (N/A) | United States of America | b | b | Qualitative | Pregnancy | 34 | To use focus groups of family planning providers to explore barriers and facilitators to “screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment” (SBIRT) for substance use. |
| Gray42 | 2017 (2015) | United States of America (Michigan) | Illegal | Legal | Mixed methods | Pregnancy | 12 | To evaluate, among pregnant women and prenatal care providers, the acceptability of an electronic brief intervention and text messaging plan for marijuana use in pregnancy. |
| Herzig43 | 2006 (2003–2004) | United States of America (San Francisco) | Illegal | Legal | Qualitative | Pregnancy | 49 | To explore prenatal care providers’ methods for addressing 4 behavioural risks in their pregnant patients: alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and domestic violence. |
| Holland44 | 2016 (2011–2015) | United States of America (Pennsylvania) | Illegal | Illegal | Qualitative | Pregnancy | 51 | To describe obstetric provider attitudes, beliefs, approaches, concerns, and needs about addressing perinatal marijuana use with their pregnant patients. |
| Holland45 | 2016 (2011–2014) | United States of America (Pennsylvania) | Illegal | Illegal | Mixed methods | Pregnancy | 47 | To describe obstetric health care providers’ responses and counselling approaches to patients’ disclosures of marijuana use during first prenatal visits. |
| Northrup46 | 2017 (February 2016–March 2016) | United States of America | b | b | Quantitative | Pregnancy | 417 | To assess and describe perceptions of prevalence and safety/risk, as well as current screening practices related to cigarettes, second-hand smoke exposure, marijuana, and synthetic marijuana, e-cigarettes, nicotine- replacement therapy, and smoking-cessation medications during pregnancy among prenatal care providers giving obstetric care within academic settings. |
| Petersen Williams47 | 2015 (August 2011– September 2011) | South Africa (Cape Town) | Illegal | Illegal | Qualitative | Pregnancy | 43 | To explore health care workers’ attitudes and perceptions about screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment among substance-using women presenting for antenatal care. |
| Salisbury48 | 2017 (April 2016– June 2016) | United States of America (Washington) | Legal | Legal | Qualitative | Lactation | 30 | To examine medical provider perceptions of breastfeeding women who use recreational marijuana and identify common themes in provider responses. |
| Young-Wolff49 | 2020 (March 2011– January 2017) | United States of America | b | b | Mixed methods | Pregnancy and lactation | 277 | To analyze publicly posted questions on perinatal cannabis use on an online anonymous digital health platform and licensed US health care provider responses. |
| 1,366 |
aLegal status at time of data collection or date of journal submission/publication.
bMultiple jurisdictions—legal status unclear.