Table 5.

Importance of attributes and willingness to participate (both in %) per group of panelists

		Importance (%)				Willingness (%)
		Survey length	Incentive level	Invitation lifetime	Triggering activity	Best	Avg.	Worst
Sociodemographic
Education	Low	39.0*	38.7	14.2	8.2*	95.3*	94.4	69.2*
	Mid	31.9*	36.5	17.0	14.6*	91.5*†	91.9	54.6*†
	High	37.5	37.2	11.7	13.6	95.5†	93.6	77.3†
Gender	Male	36.1	35.9	15.6	12.4	94.6	93.2	65.9
	Female	37.7	40.0	13.3	8.9	94.6	93.7	72.6
Age	18-34	40.6*	38.2	11.0*	10.2	95.8*	94.3	65.3
	35-54	36.8	38.0	13.7	11.6	94.5	93.4	71.2
	55-74	32.8*	37.0	18.3*	11.8	92.9*	92.8	66.8
Household size	1	39.0	28.1*†	22.4*†	10.4	96.8*†	94.0	76.2
	2-3	37.2	39.1*	13.4*	10.2	94.3*	93.6	72.4
	>3	35.8	38.6†	12.7†	12.9	94.2†	92.7	63.2
Attitudes
Social media	Low	37.4	39.2	13.7	9.7	94.9	94.3	66.3
	High	38.1	37.1	13.9	11.0	95.8	95.9	74.0
Survey privacy	Low	37.1	38.1	14.3	10.5	95.2	93.7	69.6
	High	37.2	36.7	12.6	13.5	93.0	90.9	62.9
Survey safety	Low	35.1	36.8	17.8*	10.3	95.9	94.6	71.6
	High	37.8	38.6	13.3*	10.3	94.7	93.2	68.3
“Big 5” personality traits
Agreeableness	Negative	38.2	39.6	12.4	9.7	97.6*	96.8*	72.7
	Positive	37.7	38.0	14.3	10.1	93.1*	93.1*	68.4
Openness	Negative	35.2	38.4	12.2	14.2	94.9	90.5*	63.8
	Positive	37.2	38.0	14.7	10.1	94.7	94.3*	74.5
Extraversion	Negative	38.0	34.8	16.4	10.7	94.7	92.1*	59.3*
	Positive	37.8	38.6	14.4	9.2	94.3	94.8*	75.0*
Stability	Negative	42.0*	39.8	10.6	7.7	96.4*	94.6	68.7
	Positive	35.4*	38.6	14.0	12.1	94.3*	94.3	73.2
Consciousness	Negative	38.4	35.3	13.3	12.9	95.9	94.5	80.6
	Positive	37.2	38.6	14.1	10.1	94.3	93.3	69.1
Experience doing surveys
Participations	Low	38.8	38.4	11.2*	11.7	94.0	95.1*	76.4
	Mid	39.0*	36.8	15.5	8.8	94.8	92.4*	72.9
	High	33.5*	38.4	16.2*	11.8	94.4	93.9	70.0

*,†: indicates a significant difference (5%) between two levels of a covariate.