Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies, summarized by country and region
| Country | Studies, n (high-risk; non-high-risk) | Participants, N (% female) | Females, median (IQR) | Males, median (IQR) | People with diabetes (%), median (IQR) | People with hypertension (%), median (IQR) | Interval of reported mean age (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | 171 (65; 106)a | 5 139 384 (49.6) | 1866 (636–6012) | 1913 (655–5076) | 17.0 (8.6–36.6) | 40.4 (26.5–57.8) | 35.6–102.8b |
| East Asia | 129 (54; 75) | 4 648 661 (50.0) | 2123 (647–7141) | 2178 (794–7791) | 15.3 (8.4–36.1) | 43.8 (27.4–58.3) | 36.0–102.8b |
| China | 46 (18; 28) | 788 307 (45.2) | 1865 (780–6144) | 1990 (739–5136) | 18.4 (9.6–38.6) | 48.9 (33.0–63.4) | 41.8–102.8 |
| Taiwan | 21 (9; 12) | 799 479 (50.0) | 3075 (647–13 699) | 3393 (1142–12 991) | 19.5 (8.8–36.9) | 38.6 (23.3–59.8) | 36.0–74.9 |
| South Korea | 18 (7; 11) | 1 139 257 (40.8) | 5189 (858–16 741) | 4353 (1882–13 441) | 19.1 (9.3–31.5) | 30.0 (21.8–48.8) | 41.7–76.0 |
| Japan | 44 (20; 24) | 1 921 618 (57.6) | 1 891 (404–6176) | 1686 (620–4132) | 13.9 (5.4–34.4) | 45.1 (29.9–55.1) | 40.0–74.2 |
| Southeast Asia | 12 (5; 7) | 127 529 (51.9) | 1278 (755–2589) | 1446 (471–3225) | 39.0 (17.7–85.7) | 55.0 (35.6–59.9) | 48.8–65.9 |
| Indonesia | 1 (0; 1) | 1496 (63.4) | 949 | 547 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Malaysia | 3 (2; 1) | 8519 (22.5) | 595 (560–697) | 471 (419–3118) | 40.3 (30.0–70.2) | 55.8 (53.4–58.3) | 48.8–55.4 |
| Singapore | 3 (1; 2) | 95 609 (52.1) | 1606 (1238–24 469) | 3 923 (2184–22 679) | 37.6 (27.3–40.2) | 56.6 (55.0–69.9) | 62.9–65.9 |
| Thailand | 4 (2; 2) | 13 400 (59.9) | 2 158 (1574–2589) | 1 446 (1110–1681) | 56.3 (12.4–100.0) | 42.5 (27.1–63.4) | 61.4–61.6 |
| Vietnam | 1 (0; 1) | 8505 (64.8) | 5513 | 2992 | Not reported | 30.5 | 57.2 |
| South Asia | 30 (6; 24) | 363 194 (43.4) | 1 055 (625–2430) | 1 243 (557–3136) | 14.0 (7.5–21.6) | 31.2 (16.7–41.6) | 35.6–67.5 |
| Bangladesh | 4 (3; 1) | 222 591 (43.6) | 728 (586–24 377) | 690 (573–31 529) | 61.2 (41.8–80.6) | 58.4 (37.5–79.2) | 47.0–56.7 |
| India | 11 (1; 10) | 37 549 (48.6) | 1154 (942–1982) | 1112 (849–2662) | 8.6 (6.1–17.6) | 31.2 (16.7–33.6) | 35.6–51.0 |
| Nepal | 1 (0; 1) | 20 811 (61.5) | 12 792 | 8019 | Not reported | Not reported | 39.0 |
| Pakistan | 3 (1; 2) | 5183 (52.3) | 796 (606–1148) | 1374 (822–1499) | 19.0 (18.6–20.2) | 72.1 (58.1–86.0) | 51.5–56.7 |
| Sri Lanka | 2 (1; 1) | 6949 (54.8) | 1 904 (1224–2584) | 1571 (911–2230) | 20.6 (11.8–29.3) | 52.6 (28.8–76.3) | 62.9 |
| Iran | 9 (0; 9) | 70 111 (32.8) | 760 (503–5840) | 1399 (481–4223) | 13.7 (9.4–14.0) | 25.8 (17.2–38.0) | 39.8–67.5 |
a
In total, 168 studies met our inclusion criteria, with 1 of these reporting data from three countries and 1 from two countries. The total number of data points is therefore 171.
b
The highest mean age of 102.8 years is from a study that specifically recruited individuals ≥100 years.