Table 2. Characteristics of inpatients and outpatients by confirmed Coccidioides diagnosis in a cross-sectional study of clinical predictors of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA* .
| Characteristics | Outpatient |
Inpatient |
Total, n = 392 | p value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive, n = 35 | Negative, n = 64 | Positive, n = 38 | Negative, n = 255 | Outpatient | Inpatient | |||
| Median age, y (range) |
57 (24–77) |
51 (19–93) |
|
45 (18–83) |
58 (18–98) |
57 (18–98) |
0.534 |
0.022
|
| Sex, no. (%) | 0.289 | 1.000 | ||||||
| F | 20 (58.8) | 29 (46) | 18 (47.4) | 123 (48.4) | 190 (48.8) | |||
| M |
14 (41.2) |
34 (54) |
|
20 (52.6) |
131 (51.6) |
199 (51.2) |
|
|
| Race, no. (%) | 0.574 | 0.018 | ||||||
| African American | 2 (5.9) | 4 (6.6) | 6 (16.7) | 14 (5.6) | 26 (6.8) | |||
| AI/AN | 4 (11.8) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (5.6) | 9 (3.6) | 17 (4.5) | |||
| Asian | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.3) | 2 (5.6) | 2 (0.8) | 7 (1.8) | |||
| White | 27 (79.4) | 52 (85.2) | 25 (69.4) | 211 (84.7) | 315 (82.9) | |||
| Unknown |
0 |
1 (1.6) |
|
1 (2.8) |
13 (5.2) |
15 (3.9) |
|
|
| Ethnicity, no. (%) | 0.808 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 8 (25.8) | 18 (30) | 10 (27) | 69 (27.6) | 105 (27.8) | |||
| Non-Hispanic |
23 (74.2) |
42 (70) |
|
27 (73) |
181 (72.4) |
273 (72.2) |
|
|
| Median length of endemic residence, y (range) |
10 (0–59) |
20 (0–88) |
|
19 (0–78) |
22 (0–98) |
20 (0–98) |
0.091 |
0.331 |
| Immunocompromised, no. (%)† | 0.344 | 0.076 | ||||||
| Y | 7 (20.6) | 20 (31.2) | 17 (44.7) | 154 (61.1) | 198 (51) | |||
| N |
27 (79.4) |
44 (68.8) |
|
21 (55.3) |
98 (38.9) |
190 (49) |
|
|
| Median length of Illness, d (range) |
14 (0–300) |
14 (0–5,110) |
|
14 (2–365) |
14 (1–8,760) |
14 (0–8,760) |
0.370 |
0.972 |
| Symptoms, no. (%)‡ | ||||||||
| Fatigue | 19 (54.3) | 39 (60.9) | 27 (71.1) | 203 (79.9) | 288 (73.7) | 0.531 | 0.209 | |
| Cough | 22 (62.9) | 44 (68.8) | 26 (68.4) | 164 (64.6) | 256 (65.5) | 0.656 | 0.718 | |
| Fever | 12 (34.3) | 24 (37.5) | 15 (39.5) | 128 (50.4) | 179 (45.8) | 0.829 | 0.227 | |
| Chest pain | 13 (37.1) | 26 (40.6) | 14 (36.8) | 82 (32.3) | 135 (34.5) | 0.831 | 0.583 | |
| Shortness of breath | 13 (37.1) | 42 (65.6) | 25 (65.8) | 172 (67.7) | 256 (65.5) | 0.011 | 0.853 | |
| Headache | 9 (25.7) | 22 (34.4) | 13 (34.2) | 116 (45.7) | 160 (40.9) | 0.497 | 0.221 | |
| Night sweats | 15 (42.9) | 21 (32.8) | 13 (34.2) | 104 (40.9) | 153 (39.1) | 0.384 | 0.481 | |
| Muscle aches | 13 (37.1) | 28 (43.8) | 10 (26.3) | 122 (47.8) | 163 (41.7) | 0.670 | 0.014 | |
| Joint pain | 13 (37.1) | 14 (21.9) | 7 (18.4) | 82 (32.1) | 126 (32.2) | 0.156 | 0.051 | |
| Rash | 16 (45.7) | 3 (4.7) | 11 (28.9) | 38 (15) | 68 (17.3) | <0.001 | 0.037 | |
| Other |
11 (31.4) |
27 (42.2) |
|
11 (28.9) |
74 (29.1) |
123 (31.5) |
0.388 |
1.000 |
| Laboratory tests, median (range) | ||||||||
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.05 (0.012–0.27) | 0.10 (0.05–11.59) | 0.11 (0.05–92.34) | 0.165 (0.02–198.5) | 0.11 (0.02–198.5) | <0.001 | 0.617 | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 7.40 (0.7–260) | 17.5 (0.6–266.3) | 46.0 (1.4–170.2) | 68.0 (0.6–557) | 49.00 (0.6–557) | 0.090 | 0.066 | |
| ESR, mm/h | 15.0 (5–76) | 26.0 (1–145) | 45.0 (6.0–122.0) | 46.0 (4–145) | 41.0 (1–145) | 0.222 | 0.427 | |
| Leukocytes, × 103 cells/mm3 | 9.8 (4.6–14) | 8.9 (3.7–26.5) | 9.0 (0.3–24.4) | 10.0 (0.1–45.4) | 9.90 (0.1–45.4) | 0.560 | 0.481 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.8 (12.4–15.9) | 13.3 (6.9–19.7) | 12.0 (7.2–17.4) | 12.0 (4.8–18) | 12.6 (4.8–19.7) | 0.163 | 0.438 | |
| Platelet count, × 103/mm3 | 312.0 (226–457) | 238.0 (94–446) | 260 (10–520) | 239.0 (5–940) | 248.0 (5–940) | <0.001 | 0.676 | |
| Eosinophil count, × 103/µL | 0.39 (0–1.4) | 0.1 (0–0.8) | 0.2 (0.0–3.0) | 0.07 (0.0–4.55) | 0.1 (0–4.55) | <0.001 | 0.015 | |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.05 (2.5–5) | 3.9 (1.9–5) | 3.0 (1.4–5.0) | 3.1 (0.6–6.4) | 3.5 (0.6–6.4) | 0.483 | 0.333 | |
| Total protein, g/dL | 7.3 (6.2–8.7) | 7.3 (5.9–9.3) | 7.35 (5.4–9.3) | 6.95 (2.5–12.0) | 7.05 (2.5–12) | 0.747 | 0.044 | |
*Inpatient participants were recruited from among hospitalized patients; outpatients were recruited from patients in emergency departments and affiliated clinics. Bold text indicates statistical significance. AI/AN, American Indian/Alaskan Native; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. †Immunocompromised status was identified as a participant with a weakened immune system at the time of coccidioidomycosis diagnosis, which included participants with type 2 diabetes, HIV/AIDS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or leukemia, and organ transplant recipients and those receiving chemotherapy agents, corticosteroids, and biologic response modifiers. ‡Symptom counts represent the total number of patients reporting the condition.