Table 1.

Mechanisms of diverse signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of DCM.

Signaling pathway	Mechanism
NF-κB signaling pathway	Increase inflammation and apoptosis
AMPK signaling pathway	Improve utilization of glucose Maintain energy homeostasis Decrease lipid accumulation, ROS production, and inflammation
Akt signaling pathway	Regulate insulin signaling Decrease apoptosis
MAPK signaling pathway	Regulate insulin signaling Lead growth and remodeling responses Increase inflammation
TGF-β signaling pathway	Increase fibrosis and apoptosis