Common and distinct host response biomarkers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia with different microbial aetiologies. a) Volcano plot comparing plasma biomarkers between patients with non-COVID-19 CAP (n=226) and patients with COVID-19 (n=39). X-axis depicts the fold change of Box-Cox transformed values between groups, Y-axis depicts the Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted P-value. b) Venn-Euler plot showing the number of biomarkers that are significantly different from the non-infectious control group, either specific for COVID-19, specific for non-COVID-19 CAP or common between the two disease groups. c) Heatmap depicting the Hedges’ g, a measure of effect size, between the disease groups and controls for all biomarkers in the common response. d) Volcano plots showing plasma biomarkers for CAP-strep (n=27) versus COVID-19 (n=39), CAP-flu (n=22) versus COVID-19 (n=39), and CAP-flu (n=22) versus CAP-strep (n=27). X-axis depicts the fold change of Box-Cox transformed values between groups, Y-axis depicts the Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value.