TABLE 1.
Description of clinical trials included in the systematic scoping review reporting upper gastrointestinal symptom relief1
| Duration of intervention | Number of subjects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (ref) | Year | Intervention details | Controls (M/F) | Cases (M/F) | Location | Primary outcome | GSRS | Rome criteria | |
| Kiwifruit supplements | |||||||||
| Weir (26) | 2018 | Zyactinase™ (Vital Food Processors Ltd.) 2160 mg/d vs. placebo (isomalt) | 7 d | n = 0 | FC, n = 58 (NA) | China | Bowel movement frequency | No | Rome III |
| Kindleysides (46) | 2015 | Kivia powder (Vital Food Processors Ltd.) 2 × 1000 mg/d vs. placebo | 3 wk | n = 0 | FC, n = 32 (3/29) | New Zealand | Bowel movement frequency | Yes | No |
| Ansell (47), Eady (48) | 2014 | Actazin (Anagenix Ltd.) 600 mg/d, Actazin 2400 mg/d, Gold (Anagenix Ltd.) 2400 mg/d vs. placebo | 4 wk | n = 19 (2/17) | FC, n = 9 (1/8) | New Zealand | Bowel movement frequency | No | Rome III |
| Udani (24) | 2013 | Kivia powder (Vital Food Processors Ltd.), 1 sachet (Zyactinase™ 5.5 g)/d, vs. Spirulina | 4 wk | n = 0 | FC, n = 87 (32/55) | USA | Bowel movement frequency | No | Rome III |
| Green kiwifruit | |||||||||
| Caballero (22) | 2020 | 2 kiwifruit + low-flatulogenic diet vs. low-flatulogenic diet only | 2 wk | n = 11 (3/8) | n = 0 | Spain | Intestinal gas transit | No | No |
| Wallace (49) | 2017 | 200 g kiwifruit vs. 200 g Hort16A kiwifruit after ingestion of 250 g beef meat | 1 d | n = 10 (10/0) | n = 0 | New Zealand | Changes in gastric-emptying rate, gastric pH, temperature, and small bowel transit times | No | No |
| Drummond (16) | 2020 | 2 green kiwifruit/d vs. 7.5 g psyllium/d | 4 wk | n = 63 (26/37) | FC+IBS-C, n = 121 (22/99) | New Zealand, Italy, Japan | Bowel movement frequency | Yes | Rome III |
| Chey (25) | 2020 | 2 green kiwifruit/d vs. 100 g prunes/d vs. 12 g psyllium/d | 4 wk | n = 0 | FC, n = 79 (10/69) | USA | Bowel movement frequency | No | No |
| Cunillera (21) | 2015 | 3 kiwifruit/d | 3 wk | n = 0 | FC, n = 46 (4/42) | Spain | Bowel movement frequency | No | Rome III |
| Gold kiwifruit | |||||||||
| Eady (23) | 2020 | 3 kiwifruit/d, with vs. without skin | 4 wk | n = 19 | IBS-C, n = 19 (11/27) | New Zealand | Changes in inflammatory cytokines | Yes | Rome III |
| Eady (17) | 2019 | 3 kiwifruit/d vs. 2.5 teaspoons psyllium/d | 4 wk | n = 0 | FC+IBS-C, n = 32 (0/32) | New Zealand | Bowel movement frequency | Yes | Rome III |
| Bayer (18) | 2021 | 2 kiwifruit/d vs. 7.5 g psyllium/d | 4 wk | n = 32 (6/26) | FC+IBS-C, n = 24 (2/22) | New Zealand | Bowel movement frequency | Yes | Rome IV |
1
FC, functional constipation; GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale; IBS-C, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; ref, reference.