TABLE 2.
Reported outcomes with kiwifruit interventions on upper gastrointestinal symptoms other than GSRS1
| First author (ref) | Method | Reported outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Weir (26) | Abdominal discomfort score based on Rome III (4-point Likert-like scale rating based on intensity of tenesmus, abdominal discomfort, bloating, flatulence, and abdominal pain) | With kiwifruit product, abdominal discomfort scale was significantly reduced during the dosing phase (P ≤ 0.01) to near normal, retained during follow-up phase of 7 d |
| Ansell (47), Eady (48) | Questions about bloating, flatulence, and abdominal pain in addition to bowel frequency and laxative use; Birmingham IBS survey (in unpublished report only) | In the healthy cohort, abdominal pain was not different from baseline (0.04 Actazin low vs. –0.01 Actazin high vs. 0 Gold).In the case cohort, abdominal pain was also not significantly altered (–0.01 Actazin low vs. –0.02 Actazin high vs. –0.06 Gold).In the Actazin high group, participants reported increased flatulence as adverse effects. With the Birmingham IBS survey, abdominal pain was significantly reduced in the case cohort (P ≤ 0.004) |
| Udani (24) | Questions about abdominal bloating, abdominal discomfort or pain, flatulence, satisfaction with bowel movements, and burping in addition to bowel frequency | With kiwifruit product, abdominal discomfort or pain was significantly reduced at week 4 (P ≤ 0.018) in comparison to placebo. After 2 wk, reduction in abdominal bloating reached significance (no image or table presented, P ≤ 0.003). Flatulence was significantly lower with kiwifruit product than with placebo at weeks 2 and 3 (P ≤ 0.047 and P ≤ 0.023, respectively) |
| Caballero (22) | Measurement of rectal gas evacuation, abdominal perception, abdominal distension; questions about abdominal bloating, abdominal discomfort or pain, flatulence, satisfaction with bowel movements, and burping in addition to bowel frequency | Kiwifruit was well tolerated and induced no abdominal pain. There was no difference in gas evacuation or abdominal distension between the groups |
| Wallace (49) | Gastric and small bowel transit time assessed by SmartPill™Changes in subjective feelings of satiety, assessed by VASChanges in subjective feelings of gastric comfort, assessed by questionnaire | There was no difference in gastric or small bowel transit time between the interventions. There were no differences in subjective feelings of satiety. Bloating was significantly reduced with green kiwifruit (P ≤ 0.005 and P ≤ 0.028) |
| Chey (25) | Treatment satisfaction (yes/no) and adverse events assessment | Adverse events were “least common with kiwifruit”: abdominal pain was not reported with kiwifruit (P ≤ 0.05). Lowest dissatisfaction score with kiwifruit (P ≤ 0.02) |
| Cunillera (21) | Questionnaire which included some questions about satisfaction with bowel habits | Significant reduction in bloating and swelling (P ≤ 0.001). Changes in stomachache did not reach threshold (P ≥ 0.052) |
| Eady (23) | Birmingham IBS Questionnaire | In IBS, kiwifruit with skin reduced abdominal pain significantly (P ≤ 0.0055) |
| Bayer (18) | PROMIS, SAGIS | In all groups and with both interventions, PROMIS disrupted swallowing scores improved significantly (P ≤ 0.036), as well as SAGIS epigastric symptom scores (P ≤ 0.003) and SAGIS acid regurgitation and gas scores (P ≤ 0.001). There was no difference between the interventions reported |
1
GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; ref, reference; SAGIS, Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms; VAS, visual analog scale.