TABLE 3.
Overview of existing GSRS mean Likert-scores with kiwifruit interventions1
| Total GSRS2 | Reflux | Abdominal pain | Indigestion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (ref) | Group (n) | Results reported as | Mean [95% CI] | P or Z value | Mean [95% CI] | P | Mean [95% CI] | P | Mean [95% CI] | P |
| Kindleysides (46)3 | FC (32) | Difference4 | –0.3 | 0.0204 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Drummond (16) | Controls (63) | Difference | –0.08 [–0.20, 0.05] | 0.2186 | –0.05 [–0.22, 0.13] | 0.5872 | –0.02 [–0.18, 0.14] | 0.7738 | –0.16 [–0.30, –0.02] | 0.0277 |
| FC (60) | Difference | –0.22 [–0.32, –0.12] | ≤0.0001 | –0.17 [–0.34, 0.00] | 0.0509 | –0.07 [–0.29, 0.15] | 0.5406 | –0.22 [–0.39, –0.04] | 0.0173 | |
| IBS-C (61) | Difference | –0.36 [–0.52, –0.21] | ≤0.0001 | –0.18 [–0.32, –0.04] | 0.0127 | –0.30 [–0.55, –0.04] | 0.0237 | –0.40 [–0.64, –0.16] | 0.0016 | |
| FC+IBS-C (121) | Difference | –0.30 [–0.40, –0.20] | ≤0.0001 | –0.18 [–0.29, –0.07] | 0.0015 | –0.19 [–0.36, –0.02] | 0.0267 | –0.31 [–0.46, –0.16] | ≤0.0001 | |
| Eady (23) | Controls (20) | Baseline | 1.228 | — | 1.13 ± 0.23 | — | 1.25 ± 0.24 | — | 1.37 ± 0.34 | — |
| Kiwifruit flesh | 1.170 | — | 1.13 ± 0.23 | — | 1.11 ± 0.19 | — | 1.36 ± 0.41 | — | ||
| Difference4 | –0.058 ± 0.28 | — | 0.00 ± 0.23 | — | –0.14 ± 0.22 | — | –0.01 ± 0.38 | — | ||
| Kiwifruit flesh + skin | 1.226 | — | 1.16 ± 0.34 | — | 1.28 ± 0.39 | — | 1.43 ± 0.49 | — | ||
| Difference3,4 | –0.002 | — | 0.03 | — | 0.03 | — | 0.06 | — | ||
| IBS-C (20) | Baseline | 2.138 | — | 1.55 ± 0.91 | — | 2.05 ± 0.89 | — | 2.48 ± 1.11 | — | |
| Kiwifruit flesh | 1.786 | — | 1.34 ± 0.57 | — | 1.67 ± 0.95 | — | 2.10 ± 1.26 | — | ||
| Difference4 | –0.35 ± 1.07 | — | –0.21 ± 0.76 | — | –0.38 ± 0.92 | 0.036 c.t.t | –0.38 ± 1.19 | — | ||
| Kiwifruit flesh + skin | 2.042 | — | 1.56 ± 0.91 | — | 2.02 ± 1.12 | — | 2.44 ± 1.28 | — | ||
| Difference3,4 | –0.096 | — | 0.01 | — | –0.03 | — | –0.04 | — | ||
| Eady (17) | FC+IBS-C (32) | Difference | –0.378 ± 0.97 | — | –0.08 ± 0.67 | — | –0.31 ± 0.66 | ≤0.05 | –0.67 ± 0.88 | 0.002 |
| Bayer (18) | Controls (32) | Difference | 0.028 | — | –0.05 [–0.27, 0.17] | — | 0.03 [–0.28, 0.34] | — | –0.02 [ –0.25, 0.20] | — |
| FC (11) | Difference | –0.402 | — | –0.08 [–0.43, 0.27] | — | –0.31 [–0.80, 0.19] | — | –0.54 [–0.90, –0.18] | 0.008 c.t.b | |
| IBS-C (13) | Difference | –0.106 | — | –0.41 [–0.77, –0.04] | — | –0.09 [–0.61, 0.43] | — | –0.27 [–0.65, 0.10] | 0.008 c.t.b | |
| FC+IBS-C (24) | Difference | –0.272 | — | –0.24 [–0.49, 0.01] | — | –0.20 [–0.56, 0.15] | — | –0.41 [–0.67, –0.15] | 0.008 c.t.b | |
| Pooled | Controls (115) | –0.08 [–0.10, –0.05] | — | –0.02 [–0.10, 0.06] | — | –0.09 [–0.18, 0.01] | — | –0.08 [–0.18, 0.02] | — | |
| FC+IBS-C (197) | –0.32 [–0.46, –0.17] | — | –0.13 [–0.31, 0.05] | — | –0.93 [–1.19, –0.68] | — | –0.41 [–0.50, –0.26] | — | ||
| Mean difference | –0.24 [–0.38, –0.10] | –3.255 | –0.11 [–0.31, 0.08] | –1.135 | –0.85 [–1.12, –0.57] | –6.125 | –0.33 [–0.52, –0.15] | –3.495 | ||
Values are means ± SDs or means [95% CIs]. Estimation for changes in GSRS domains and totals were extracted from the reports. Pooled estimates were derived from these aggregate summaries using a random-effects model for each of the interventions and control groups. Resulting estimates were then compared using a Z test and 95% CI. c.t.b., compared with baseline value; c.t.t., compared with treatment value; FC, functional constipation; GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale; IBS-C, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.
Score based on 15 items using Likert scores, covering 5 domains. Domain scores can range from 1 to 7, with higher scores representing higher levels of discomfort.
Not included in pooled results.
Difference not presented in original manuscript; calculated based on published results.
Z value.