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. 2022 Mar 31;27(6):2659–2673. doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01511-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/..

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Fig. 1 — The tight junction proteins include claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludins (ZO-1,2,3). Claudin-5 and occludin are both transmembreane proteins while the zonula occludens are intracellular proteins. The adherens junctions include transcellular components, JAMs, ESAM, PECAM-1, and Ve-cadeherin. The cytoplasmic catenins form a complex with Ve-cadeherin. Actin cytoskeleton helps to anchor the junctional proteins in endothelial cells.