Fig. 4. Models for studying the blood-brain barrier in health and disease with the respective disruption methods simulating disease and readouts.

In vitro, in vivo, and clinical models have all been used to study blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in both health and disease models. Depending on the model of interest, different methods are used to mimic BBB loss of integrity. The assays available to observe and quantify are also different depending on the model of interest. These models, disruption methods, and readouts are highlighted here.