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. 2022 May 23;21(6):710–720. doi: 10.1038/s41563-022-01251-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Chemical structures of the parent CDN STING agonist (1), CDN prodrug (2), diacyl lipid (3) and CDN-PEG-lipid (4). b, Schematic of LND containing CDN-PEG-lipid. c, Negative stain transmission electron micrograph of LND-CDNs and histogram of measured LND diameters. Scale bar, 200 nm. This experiment was performed once. d, Dynamic light scattering analysis of LND-CDN (red) and liposome-CDN (blue) particle size distributions. e,f, Representative flow cytometry histograms showing uptake of fluorescent LND-CDN (red) or liposome-CDN (blue) by RAW-ISG cells (STING reporter cell line) (e) or MC38 tumour cells (f) following 24 h incubation at 37 °C with 5 µM CDN in each formulation. g, Dose–response curves showing STING activation in RAW-ISG reporter cells as measured by bioluminescence reporter relative to the vehicle-treated control following 24 h stimulation at 37 °C. Data are presented as mean values ± s.e.m. with n = 4 biologically independent samples for each concentration tested.