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. 2022 Mar 2;7(5):504–517. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.10.018

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Central Illustration — Introducing Quadruple Therapy in Patients With HFrEF

This figure summarizes the strategy to implement quadruple therapy in patients with acute heart failure (HF), chronic HF, and de novo HF, and the response to potential adverse effects. ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI = angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitor; BB = beta-blocker; CCB = calcium-channel blocker; CV = cardiovascular; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor agonist; SGLT2i = sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.