Table 2.
Other therapies tried for refractory lupus nephritis
| Reference | Therapy | N | Refractory/Relapsing LN | Follow up (months) | Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choi et. al (33) | MMF plus tacrolimus | 29 | 12 Refractory and 17 relapsing | 12 | CR 25.9% PR 29.6% |
| Jesus et.al (35) | MMF plus tacrolimus | 17 | MMF-resistant patients (30) | 6 | CR 35% PR 35% |
| Segarra et. al (51) | Bortezomib plus dexamethasone | 12 | Refractory | 9–30 | CR 8.3% PR 83.3% |
| Zhang et.al (52) | Bortezomib plus dexamethasone | 6 | Refractory | 6–24 | CR 60% PR 20% |
| Ostendorf et.al (55) | Daratumumab | 1 | Refractory | 12 | Proteinuria improved |
| Tam et. al (58) | Leflunomide | 17 | Refractory or intolerant to conventional treatment | 12 | CR 29% PR 47% |
| Levy et. al (61) | Intravenous immunoglobulin | 7 | Refractory, patients who failed CYC | 6 | Decreased proteinuria in all patients |
| Monova et.al (63) | Intravenous immunoglobulin | 58 | Refractory | 7 years | CR 30% PR 40% |
| Zhang et.al (65) | Interleukin-2 therapy | 10 | Refractory to at least two conventional treatments | 6 | Decreased proteinuria |
| Pickering et. al (67) | Eculizumab | 1 | Refractory to CYC, rituximab, MMF and tacrolimus | 18 | Decreased proteinuria, improved renal function |
| Mougiakakos et.al (68) | CAR-T | 1 | Refractory to CYC, MMF, Tacrolimus, Rituximab, belimumab | 1.5 | CR achieved |
Abbreviations: LN, lupus nephritis; CYC, cyclophosphamide; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; CR, complete response; PR, partial response