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. 2022 May 31;12:9080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13009-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of microbiota composition based on Bray–Curtis distances. The shorter the distance between any pair of comparisons indicate greater similarity between microbial communities collected at those times. W gestational week and m month. Symbols represent means and error bars 95% confidence intervals. (a) Comparisons of gut microbiota at different sampling times, where distances between different sampling points within the same child/mother (self), and distances between unrelated children (non-self) and between unrelated mothers (non-self) are denoted. (b) Comparisons between gut and oral microbiota, and between children and their mothers and unrelated mothers. The distance between child and mother is based on the maternal sample at gestational week 26–28.