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. 2022 May 31;13:3019. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30691-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Illustration of secondary-ion-crosslinked Ca–Alg/D/Ca–X hydrogels through the exchange from Ca²⁺ ions with other cations by soaking in BaCl₂, AlCl₃, or FeCl₃ solution. b Water content in the resulting hydrogels. c Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping of the cross-section and d X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiles of the upper surface of Ca–Alg/D/Ca and Ca–Alg/D/Ca–Fe. e Stress-strain curves and f tensile strengths and elastic moduli of the reconstructed hydrogels. g Tensile strengths and elastic moduli of Ca–Alg/D/Ca–Fe with different thicknesses. Error bars correspond to standard deviations.