Table 1.

Average accuracies and standard error based on the practical tissue layer sequence during puncture for cross-validation.

Testing fold	Fat vs Ligament			Ligament vs Flavum
	ResNet50	Xception	Inception	ResNet50	Xception	Inception
S1	95.1% ± 2.2%	82.8% ± 8.5%	90.4% ± 2.2%	97.9% ± 1.7%	98.5% ± 1.2%	97.8% ± 2.0%
S2	93.6% ± 2.4%	88.2% ± 6.5%	92.4% ± 2.1%	98.7% ± 1.2%	98.9% ± 1.0%	98.9% ± 1.0%
S3	94.5% ± 2.5%	84.4% ± 6.5%	88.0% ± 2.4%	99.4% ± 0.5%	99.6% ± 0.3%	99.0% ± 0.5%
S4	90.9% ± 2.9%	84.7% ± 6.3%	89.7% ± 2.8%	98.5% ± 1.3%	98.7% ± 0.8%	97.7% ± 1.9%
S5	89.9% ± 2.3%	86.9% ± 4.7%	89.3% ± 2.5%	98.4% ± 1.4%	98.4% ± 0.9%	98.0% ± 1.5%
S6	90.6% ± 3.7%	82.3% ± 8.5%	89.9% ± 2.2%	98.8% ± 0.9%	98.2% ± 1.2%	97.8% ± 1.9%
S7	90.7% ± 3.5%	86.0% ± 3.3%	88.1% ± 3.0%	98.4% ± 1.4%	99.1% ± 0.7%	97.0% ± 2.7%
S8	88.7% ± 3.8%	82.7% ± 6.3%	86.3% ± 2.7%	98.7% ± 1.1%	98.8% ± 0.6%	98.7% ± 0.8%
Average	91.8% ± 1.0%	84.7% ± 2.2%	89.3% ± 2.2%	98.6% ± 0.4%	98.8% ± 0.3%	98.1% ± 0.6%

Testing fold	Flavum vs Epidural Space			Epidural Space vs Spinal Cord
	ResNet50	Xception	Inception	ResNet50	Xception	Inception
S1	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S2	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S3	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S4	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S5	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S6	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S7	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
S8	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%
Average	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%	100.0% ± 0.0%