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. 2022 May 31;12:9050. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12047-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the Padul MAP reconstruction with other multiproxy records for the last 200 kyr BP. Top panel (southern Iberia): (A) Reconstructed Padul MAP (mm/yr) along with the WMHPs (black horizontal lines) and HSs. Middle panel (other West/Central Mediterranean records): (B) our Villarquemado MAP reconstruction (mm/yr) (NE Spain), (C) Average MAP change (mm/yr) for southern Europe⁴⁰, (D) MAP reconstruction from Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)¹¹, (E) δ¹⁸O from Susah cave (N Libya)^2,46, Victoria cave (SE Spain)⁴⁵ and Corchia cave (N Italy)^41–44 (note inverted scale), (F) δD_C31 from Padul³¹ (note inverted scale), (G) fluvial runoff pulses from the 64PE349-8 record (offshore Libya)⁴⁷. Bottom panel (West Africa, North Atlantic and insolation): (H) age-ranges of African Humid Periods (black horizontal lines) identified by different studies: (1) Ehrmann et al.⁹⁶, (2) Grant et al.⁹⁷, (3) Skonieczny et al.⁹⁸, (4) Ziegler et al.⁹⁹ and Pausata et al.⁴⁸, and (5) Kinsley et al.¹⁰⁰, (I) δD_C31 from the GeoB9508-5 record (continental slope off Senegal)⁵¹ (note inverted scale), (J) Humidity index from the GeoB7920-2 record (offshore Mauritania)⁵⁸, (K) Pa/Th from the North Atlantic CDH19 record⁶¹ (note inverted scale), (L) 37°N mean summer and winter insolation.