Fig. 1.

Potential strategies against aging and their deficiencies. Strategies under development to intervene aging include stem cell therapy, young plasma transfusion, physical exercise, intermittent fasting and senotherapeutics. Despite the great promise of these mainstream strategies, there are three deficiencies among them. (1) Stem cell transplantation and young plasma transfusion involve a certain degree of invasiveness. (2) Physical exercise and intermittent fasting alone may not be sufficient enough to ensure definitive efficacy. (3) The efficacy of senotherapeutics is not yet fully understood in humans and the development pipelines are complex, time-consuming and expensive.