Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with lung cancer in the Multiethnic Cohorta
| Race and ethnicity |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall | African American | Japanese American | Latino | Native Hawaiian | White |
| (N = 5900) | (n = 1660) | (n = 1328) | (n = 800) | (n = 533) | (n = 1579) | |
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 74.2 (8.2) | 74.1 (8.4) | 75.6 (7.9) | 75.1 (7.4) | 70.5 (8.5) | 73.8 (8.3) |
| Age at diagnosis (categorical), No. (%) | ||||||
| ≤50 | 31 (0.5) | 14 (0.8) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (1.3) | 6 (0.4) |
| 51–60 | 360 (6.1) | 103 (6.2) | 57 (4.3) | 21 (2.6) | 70 (13.1) | 109 (6.9) |
| 61–70 | 1552 (26.3) | 419 (25.2) | 287 (21.6) | 220 (27.5) | 196 (36.8) | 430 (27.2) |
| 71–80 | 2732 (46.3) | 807 (48.6) | 627 (47.2) | 369 (46.1) | 208 (39.0) | 721 (45.7) |
| 81–90 | 1162 (19.7) | 283 (17.0) | 349 (26.3) | 179 (22.4) | 52 (9.8) | 299 (18.9) |
| ≥91 | 63 (1.1) | 34 (2.0) | 5 (0.4) | 10 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (0.9) |
| BMIa, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.0 (4.7) | 26.9 (5.0) | 24.5 (3.8) | 26.5 (4.0) | 28.0 (6.0) | 25.6 (4.5) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Male | 3523 (59.7) | 892 (53.7) | 986 (74.2) | 579 (72.4) | 274 (51.4) | 792 (50.2) |
| Female | 2377 (40.3) | 768 (46.3) | 342 (25.8) | 221 (27.6) | 259 (48.6) | 787 (49.8) |
| Education, No. (%) | ||||||
| High school or less | 3014 (51.1) | 796 (48.0) | 691 (52.0) | 570 (71.2) | 377 (70.7) | 580 (36.7) |
| Some college or graduate | 2382 (40.4) | 718 (43.3) | 537 (40.4) | 199 (24.9) | 137 (25.7) | 791 (50.1) |
| Postgraduate | 486 (8.2) | 136 (8.2) | 98 (7.4) | 27 (3.4) | 18 (3.4) | 207 (13.1) |
| Unknown | 18 (0.3) | 10 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) |
| Personal history of cancer, No. (%) | ||||||
| No | 4373 (74.1) | 1205 (72.6) | 1023 (77.0) | 595 (74.4) | 433 (81.2) | 1117 (70.7) |
| Yes | 1527 (25.9) | 455 (27.4) | 305 (23.0) | 205 (25.6) | 100 (18.8) | 462 (29.3) |
| Family history of lung cancer, No. (%) | ||||||
| No | 5369 (91.0) | 1503 (90.5) | 1213 (91.3) | 737 (92.1) | 494 (92.7) | 1422 (90.1) |
| Yes | 531 (9.0) | 157 (9.5) | 115 (8.7) | 63 (7.9) | 39 (7.3) | 157 (9.9) |
| COPD, No. (%) | ||||||
| No | 1217 (20.6) | 272 (16.4) | 354 (26.7) | 137 (17.1) | 124 (23.3) | 330 (20.9) |
| Yes | 1528 (25.9) | 377 (22.7) | 351 (26.4) | 212 (26.5) | 139 (26.1) | 449 (28.4) |
| Unknown | 3155 (53.5) | 1011 (60.9) | 623 (46.9) | 451 (56.4) | 270 (50.7) | 800 (50.7) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | ||||||
| Former | 3071 (52.1) | 770 (46.4) | 828 (62.3) | 415 (51.9) | 194 (36.4) | 864 (54.7) |
| Current | 2829 (47.9) | 890 (53.6) | 500 (37.7) | 385 (48.1) | 339 (63.6) | 715 (45.3) |
| Pack-years, mean (SD)b,c | 34.7 (20.7) | 27.9 (17.7) | 36.6 (20.0) | 29.1 (20.0) | 37.7 (21.1) | 41.9 (21.4) |
| Pack-years (categorical), No. (%) | ||||||
| 1–10 | 756 (12.8) | 278 (16.7) | 139 (10.5) | 174 (21.8) | 48 (9.0) | 117 (7.4) |
| 11–20 | 1186 (20.1) | 471 (28.4) | 225 (16.9) | 174 (21.8) | 97 (18.2) | 219 (13.9) |
| 21–30 | 711 (12.1) | 237 (14.3) | 161 (12.1) | 93 (11.6) | 71 (13.3) | 149 (9.4) |
| 30+ | 3247 (55.0) | 674 (40.6) | 803 (60.5) | 359 (44.9) | 317 (59.5) | 1094 (69.3) |
| Cigarettes per day, mean (SD)c | 17.8 (8.7) | 14.6 (7.5) | 19.2 (8.5) | 14.7 (8.3) | 18.1 (8.3) | 21.5 (8.8) |
| Cigarettes per day (categorical), No. (%) | ||||||
| 1–10 | 1556 (26.4) | 641 (38.6) | 242 (18.2) | 333 (41.6) | 128 (24.0) | 212 (13.4) |
| 11–20 | 2308 (39.1) | 714 (43.0) | 552 (41.6) | 291 (36.4) | 217 (40.7) | 534 (33.8) |
| 21–30 | 1178 (20.0) | 195 (11.7) | 324 (24.4) | 109 (13.6) | 109 (20.5) | 441 (27.9) |
| 30+ | 858 (14.5) | 110 (6.6) | 210 (15.8) | 67 (8.4) | 79 (14.8) | 392 (24.8) |
| Quit years, median (IQR)b,c | 5.2 (0–20) | 0.0 (0–16) | 11.0 (0–24) | 5.9 (0–21) | 0.0 (0–13) | 6.6 (0–21) |
| Quit years (categorical), No. (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 2829 (47.9) | 890 (53.6) | 500 (37.7) | 385 (48.1) | 339 (63.6) | 715 (45.3) |
| 1–15 | 1165 (19.7) | 344 (20.7) | 287 (21.6) | 134 (16.8) | 81 (15.2) | 319 (20.2) |
| 16–25 | 1018 (17.3) | 245 (14.8) | 263 (19.8) | 146 (18.2) | 68 (12.8) | 296 (18.7) |
| 26+ | 888 (15.1) | 181 (10.9) | 278 (20.9) | 135 (16.9) | 45 (8.4) | 249 (15.8) |
| Stage at diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||||
| I-III | 2354 (39.9) | 634 (38.2) | 552 (41.6) | 279 (34.9) | 204 (38.3) | 685 (43.4) |
| IV | 3183 (53.9) | 918 (55.3) | 704 (53.0) | 449 (56.1) | 305 (57.2) | 807 (51.1) |
| Unknown | 363 (6.2) | 108 (6.5) | 72 (5.4) | 72 (9.0) | 24 (4.5) | 87 (5.5) |
| Histology, No. (%) | ||||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 2186 (37.1) | 601 (36.2) | 524 (39.5) | 274 (34.2) | 181 (34.0) | 606 (38.4) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 1295 (21.9) | 385 (23.2) | 298 (22.4) | 171 (21.4) | 122 (22.9) | 319 (20.2) |
| Large cell carcinoma | 180 (3.1) | 66 (4.0) | 40 (3.0) | 30 (3.8) | 10 (1.9) | 34 (2.2) |
| Small cell lung carcinoma | 670 (11.4) | 161 (9.7) | 134 (10.1) | 87 (10.9) | 100 (18.8) | 188 (11.9) |
| Non-small cell lung carcinoma NOS | 463 (7.8) | 125 (7.5) | 102 (7.7) | 72 (9.0) | 38 (7.1) | 126 (8.0) |
| Other | 1106 (18.7) | 322 (19.4) | 230 (17.3) | 166 (20.8) | 82 (15.4) | 306 (19.4) |
| Age at MEC enrollment (categorical), No. (%) | ||||||
| ≤50 | 491 (8.3) | 148 (8.9) | 85 (6.4) | 38 (4.8) | 91 (17.1) | 129 (8.2) |
| 51–55 | 627 (10.6) | 181 (10.9) | 99 (7.5) | 83 (10.4) | 93 (17.4) | 171 (10.8) |
| 56–60 | 950 (16.1) | 249 (15.0) | 177 (13.3) | 164 (20.5) | 103 (19.3) | 257 (16.3) |
| 61–65 | 1268 (21.5) | 268 (16.1) | 322 (24.2) | 228 (28.5) | 125 (23.5) | 325 (20.6) |
| 66–70 | 1526 (25.9) | 477 (28.7) | 373 (28.1) | 188 (23.5) | 67 (12.6) | 421 (26.7) |
| ≥71 | 1038 (17.6) | 337 (20.3) | 272 (20.5) | 99 (12.4) | 54 (10.1) | 276 (17.5) |
| Year of diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||||
| 1993–1997 | 920 (15.6) | 310 (18.7) | 180 (13.6) | 95 (11.9) | 74 (13.9) | 261 (16.5) |
| 1998–2002 | 1403 (23.8) | 438 (26.4) | 279 (21.0) | 168 (21.0) | 127 (23.8) | 391 (24.8) |
| 2003–2007 | 1589 (26.9) | 445 (26.8) | 365 (27.5) | 203 (25.4) | 132 (24.8) | 444 (28.1) |
| 2008–2012 | 1423 (24.1) | 283 (17.0) | 405 (30.5) | 195 (24.4) | 166 (31.1) | 374 (23.7) |
| 2013–2017 | 565 (9.6) | 184 (11.1) | 99 (7.5) | 139 (17.4) | 34 (6.4) | 109 (6.9) |
a
BMI was unknown in 66 participants: 45 (2.7%) African American, 5 (0.4%) Japanese American, 4 (0.5%) Latino, 6 (1.1%) Native Hawaiian, and 6 (0.4%) White (P < .001, χ2 test). BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR = interquartile range; MEC = Multiethnic Cohort; NOS = not otherwise specified.
b
Smoking-related variables were projected to time at initial diagnosis of lung cancer.
c
Smoking-related variables were measured at baseline and updated with 10-year follow-up data before lung cancer diagnosis, if available (N = 1526).