Table 1.

Changes in gut microbial metabolites in representative diseases.

Disease	Metabolites	Levels in patients
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	Primary bile acids	Increased6
Fatty Liver	N, N, N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid	Increased7
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Linoleic acid and phenol	Decreased24
Blood pressure	Acetate, butyrate, and propionate	Increased24
Chronic kidney disease	Indole, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and indole-3-propionic acid	Decreased8
Obesity	SCFA	Decreased10
	Succinic acid	Increased12
Type 2 diabetes/prodromal diabetes	Imidazole Propionate	Increased16