Table 2.
Examples of roles of gut microbial metabolites in disease.
| Disease | Metabolites | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis | Tryptophan metabolites | Neutralizing8 |
| Impaired Liver Function | DL-3-phenyllactic acid, L-tryptophan, glycocholic acid and 1-methylnicotinamide | Significant correlation7 |
| Atherosclerosis | TMAO | Promoting18, 19, 20 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease |
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), phenylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, p-Cresol sulfate | Inducing inflammation8 |
| Indoxyl sulfate | Risk-related9 | |
| Indoxyl sulfate and p-Cresol sulfate | Pathological process related9 | |
| Obesity |
BCAAs | Positive correlation10 |
| Succinic acid | Positive correlation12 | |
| δ-valerobetaine (N, N, N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid, δVB) | Exacerbating obesity manifestations13 | |
| Insulin Resistance |
SCFA | Improvement14 |
| Succinic acid | Improvement14 | |
| p-Cresol | Inducing effects15 | |
| Type 2 Diabetes |
Dimethylglycine | Increased risk associated with16 |
| 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine (18:2) | Reduced risk16 | |
| Indole-3-propionic acid | Negative correlation17 | |
| Tryptophan, four kynurenine-pathway metabolites (kynurenine, kynurenate, xanthurenate and quinolinate) and indolelactate | Positive correlation17 | |
| Type 2 Diabetes/prodromal diabetes | Imidazole propionate | Significant correlation16 |