Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment tool for quasi-experimental studies
| References | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 |
| Li et al 37 | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y |
| Yue et al 42 | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | U | Y |
| Dai and Wang53 | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y |
| Zhou et al 55 | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y |
| Xu et al 56 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U |
|
Y |
Key: Y=yes, N=no, U=unclear. Item 1: Was the causal relationship in the study clearly stated?, Item 2: Was the baseline comparable between the groups?, Item 3: Were the other measures received by the groups the same, except for the intervention to be validated?, Item 4: Was a control group established?, Item 5: Were multidimensional measures of outcome indicators performed before and after the intervention?, Item 6: Was follow-up complete, and if not, were missing visits reported and measures taken to address them?, Item 7: Were the outcome indicators measured in the same way for all study groups?, Item 8: Were the measures of outcome indicators reliable?, Item 9: Were the data analysis methods appropriate?