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Comparison of VFPS and FPS on a 2D lattice like a leaf. The original lattice contains 18 points, sparse on the upper part and dense at the lower part. (a) The FPS (N = 7) process starting from the center; (b) the FPS (N = 7) process starting from the leftmost point; (c) VFPS (N = 7) process starting from the center point; (d) VFPS (N = 7) process starting from the leftmost point.
