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. 2022 May 18;9:905072. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.905072

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Copyright © 2022 Uchikado, Ikeda and Ohishi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics. (A) Mitochondrial fusion is controlled by Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1. Mfn1 and Mfn2 are located on the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas Opa1 is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane to maintain the integrity of the cristae. (B) Mitochondrial fission is regulated by small GTPase Drp1. Drp1 is mainly localized in the cytosol, whereas Drp1 localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane by several stimuli. Drp1 forms a complex with the outer mitochondrial membrane proteins Mff, Mid, and Fis1 to drive the mitochondrial fission process. Deformation of the mitochondrial membrane is caused by formation of the Drp1 complex, leading to mitochondrial division. Mid49/51; mitochondrial dynamics protein of 49 and 51 kDa.