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Phenological stages and annual cycle of herbaceous peony. A. Annual life cycle comprises of three main phases, regulated by low, intermediate and high temperatures. Flower initiation occurs in summer when temperatures are high, but low temperatures are required for dormancy release and successful flowering (Adapted from 11). B. Underground crown at the beginning of the growing season; C. Storage roots with renewal buds; D. Leafy stems elongate after sprouting; E. Flowering
