Fig. 7.

Each dot represents a simulated dataset of 1000 observations and 15 features, each with different within-feature effect size, proportion of different features between clusters, covariance structure, and number of clusters. The x-axis represents the separation between subgroups in the population that datasets were simulated from, and the y-axis represents the separation in the simulated dataset after no dimensionality reduction (green), multi-dimensional scaling (MDS, blue), or uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP, purple). The dotted line indicates no difference between population and sample; values above the dotted line have had their separation increased, and it was decreased for those below the line