Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics by TyG Group
| Characteristic | Total | Tertile I (Lowest) (n = 310) TyG < 8.83 |
Tertile II (Median) (n = 309) 8.83 ≤ TyG < 9.32 |
Tertile III (Highest) (n = 313) TyG ≥ 9.32 |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 353(37.9) | 95(26.9) | 133(37.7) | 125(35.4) | < 0.001 | ## |
| Age (years) | 70(61,80) | 73(64,82) | 71(63,79) | 67(56,76) | < 0.001 | #,***,&& |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2(21.6,27.1) | 23.3(20.5,26.1) | 24.1(21.5,26.5) | 25.2(22.7,28.1) | < 0.001 | #,***,&& |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 81(70,97) | 80(68,95) | 81(70,97) | 84(71,98) | 0.261 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129(114,145) | 127(114,147) | 128(113,142) | 130(116,144) | 0.456 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75(66,87) | 75(65,85) | 75(66,87) | 76(67,87) | 0.507 | |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 347(37.2) | 105(33.9) | 99(32) | 143(45.7) | 0.001 | *,&& |
| None-ischemic cardiomyopathy | 197(21.1) | 53(17.1) | 74(23.9) | 70(22.4) | 0.091 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 174(18.7) | 70(22.6) | 60(19.4) | 44(14.1) | 0.022 | * |
| Atrial fibrillation | 404(43.3) | 169(54.5) | 139(45.0) | 96(30.7) | < 0.001 | ***,&&& |
| Hypertension | 563(60.4) | 172(55.5) | 186(60.2) | 205(65.5) | 0.038 | * |
| Hyperlipidemia | 72(43.3) | 5(1.6) | 20(6.5) | 47(15.0) | < 0.001 | #,***,&& |
| Diabetes mellitus | 306(32.8) | 64(20.6) | 83(26.9) | 159(50.8) | < 0.001 | ***,&&& |
| Anemia | 429(46.0) | 177(57.3) | 134(44.1) | 118(37.9) | < 0.001 | ##,* |
| Hemoglobin(g/L) | 128.0(110.1,142.4) | 125.0(107.6,138.1) | 129.5(111.3,141.8) | 132.0(114.0,145.0) | < 0.001 | *** |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 91.8(81.9,112.0) | 82.6(75.6,91.1) | 92.2(83.9,104.9) | 118.44(92.2,151.7) | < 0.001 | ###,***,&&& |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1(5.6,7.0) | 6.0(5.6,6.4) | 6.1(5.6,6.8) | 6.8(5.8,7.9) | < 0.001 | ***,&&& |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 589.5(307.8,1230.0) | 591.5(339.3,1167.5) | 606(123.5,1088.5) | 552.0(177.3,926.8) | 0.476 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 4.5(2.9,12.4)) | 4.4(2.9,9.3) | 4.6(3.0,14.7) | 4.4(3.0,14.5) | 0.330 | |
| Hematocrit (%) | 38.4(33.8,42.2) | 37.3(33.1,41.1) | 38.7(34.1,42.1) | 39.10(35.1,43.2) | 0.001 | *** |
| ALB (g/L) | 38.2(35.4,40.5) | 37.4(35.1,39.2) | 38.4(36.0,40.8) | 39.1(35.5,41.4) | < 0.001 | #,*** |
| UA (μmol/L) | 439.0(343.25,550.75) | 419.5(328.3,528.3) | 430.0(325.0,558.5) | 448(372.5,555.0) | 0.033 | * |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 84.3(67.0,113.0) | 84.4(69.1,107.1) | 87.0(65.3,113.0) | 85.10(65.7,119.8) | 0.971 | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.3(135.5,141.5) | 138.3(135.4,141.4) | 139.0(135.8,141.8) | 138.2(135.2,141.2) | 0.458 | |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.9(3.6,4.2) | 3.9(3.5,4.2) | 3.9(3.6,4.2) | 3.90(3.6,4.3) | 0.707 | |
| WBC (10^9/L) | 6.2(5.0,7.8) | 5.5(4.5,6.9) | 6.1(5.1,7.7) | 6.95(5.7,8.7) | < 0.001 | ###,***,&&& |
| RDW (%) | 13.7(12.9,13.7) | 14.1(13.2,15.1) | 13.6(12.9,14.7) | 13.4(12.8,14.3) | < 0.001 | ***,& |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 138.16(114.07,170.15) | 120.36(103.93,145.11) | 141.26(118.71,168.60) | 156.74(129.93,188.90) | < 0.001 | ###,***,&&& |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 90.27(29.00,54.91) | 61.07(22.43,30.55) | 92.04(35.19,46.40) | 149.57(50.08,83.91) | < 0.001 | ###,***,&&& |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 37.15(29.78,46.79) | 40.25(33.06,50.46) | 38.70(30.55,49.50) | 33.28(27.07,40.60) | < 0.001 | ###,*** |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 77.79(58.05,101.32) | 65.79(50.46,82.75) | 79.72(60.71,103.25) | 89.78(65.74,116.01) | < 0.001 | ###,***,&& |
| AST (U/L) | 23.0(17.3,33.6) | 23.1(17.5,32.8) | 24.0(17.5,33.0) | 21.60(17.1,35.4) | 0.568 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 19.4(12.9,32.5) | 18.6(11.9,28.2) | 19.5(13.1,31.9) | 20.60(14.1,38.9) | 0.027 | |
| IVSTD (cm) | 0.9(0.8,1.0) | 0.9(0.8,1.0) | 0.90(0.8,1.0) | 0.90(0.8,1.1) | 0.357 | |
| LVPWTD (cm) | 0.9(0.8,1.0) | 0.90(0.8,1.0) | 0.90(0.8,1.0) | 0.90(0.8,1.0) | 0.173 | |
| LVDD (cm) | 5.9(5.2,6.5) | 5.8(5.1,6.5) | 5.9(5.2,6.5) | 5.9(5.2,6.7) | 0.270 | |
| LAD (cm) | 4.8(4.4,5.3) | 5.0(4.5,5.5) | 4.8(4.5,5.3) | 4.7(4.2,5.2) | < 0.001 | #,***,& |
| LVEF, n (%) | 0.048 | * | ||||
| ≤ 40% | 493(52.9) | 144(46.5) | 168(54.4) | 181(57.8) | - | |
| 41% ~ 49% | 154(16.5) | 63(20.3) | 46(14.9) | 45(14.4) | - | |
| ≤ 50% | 285(30.6) | 103(33.2) | 95(30.7) | 87(27.8) | - | |
|
Medications at admission, n (%) |
||||||
| Antiplatelet agent | 412(44.2) | 116(37.4) | 135(43.7) | 161(51.4) | 0.002 | ** |
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI | 150(16.1) | 52(16.8) | 43(13.9) | 55(17.6) | 0.428 | |
| Beta-blocker | 726(77.9) | 236(76.1) | 242(78.3) | 248(79.2) | 0.633 | |
| Statins | 509(54.6) | 154(49.7) | 164(53.1) | 191(61.0) | 0.014 | * |
| Diuretics | 819(87.9) | 270(87.1) | 281(90.9) | 268(53.7) | 0.103 | |
| Loop | 810(86.9) | 268(86.5) | 279(90.0) | 263(84.0) | 0.072 | |
| Thiazide | 51(5.5) | 19(6.1) | 15(4.9) | 17(5.4) | 0.784 | |
| Digoxin | 102(10.9) | 38(12.3) | 24(7.8) | 40(12.8) | 0.079 | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 375(40.2) | 128(41.3) | 128(41.4) | 119(38.0) | 0.616 | |
| Insulin | 211(22.6) | 41(13.2) | 58(18.8) | 112(35.8) | < 0.001 | **&& |
| Metformin | 106(11.4) | 15(4.8) | 32(10.4) | 59(18.8) | < 0.001 | ##,***&& |
| Sulfonylureas | 4(0.4) | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 2(0.2) | 0.785 | |
| SGLT2i | 27(2.9) | 5(1.6) | 5(1.6) | 17(1.8) | 0.005 | **,&& |
| Other hypoglycemic drugs | 172(18.5) | 34(3.6) | 43(4.6) | 95(10.2) | < 0.001 | ***,&& |
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, CRP C-creative protein, ALB albumin, UA uric acid, Cr creatinine; Na sodium; K potassium, WBC white blood cell, RDW red blood cell distribution width, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-C, AST alanine aminotransferase, ALT aspartate transaminase; IVSTD interventricular septal thickness at diastole, LVPWTD left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness, LVDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LAD left atrial diameter, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor inhibitor, ARNI angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, SGLT2i Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
#P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001: T1 group vs T2 group
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001: T1 group vs T3 group
&P < 0.05, &&P < 0.01, &&& P < 0.001: T2 group vs T3 group