TABLE 1.

Tumor markers in CKD.

Tumor markers	CKD		Significance	References
	Non-dialysis	On dialysis
CEA	H	H	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be unreliable	Tzitzikos et al., 2010; Cases et al., 1991; Rani et al., 2019
SCC	H	H	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be unreliable	Cases et al., 1991; Xiaofang et al., 2007
CA50	H	H	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be unreliable	Cases et al. (1991)
NSE	H	H	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be unreliable	Cases et al., 1991; Xiaofang et al., 2007
CA125	N or H	N	Monitoring for malignancy in dialysis patients might be unreliable	Cases et al., 1991; Mikkelsen et al., 2017
CA153	N or H	N or H	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be controversial	Cases et al., 1991; Xiaofang et al., 2007; Rani et al., 2019; Tzitzikos et al., 2010
CA199	N or H	N	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be comparatively reliable	Cases et al., 1991; Xiaofang et al., 2007; Rani et al., 2019; Mikkelsen et al., 2017
CA724	N	N	Monitoring for malignancy in dialysis patients might be reliable in dialysis patients	Xiaofang et al. (2007)
CYFRA21-1	H	—	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be possibly unreliable	Xiaofang et al., 2007; Mikkelsen et al., 2017
HCG	H	—	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be possibly unreliable	Rani et al. (2019)
PSA	N	N	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be possibly reliable	Cases et al. (1991)
AFP	N	N	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be reliable	Tzitzikos et al., 2010; Cases et al., 1991; Xiaofang et al., 2007
PAP	N	N	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be possibly reliable	Cases et al. (1991)
CGA	H	—	Monitoring for malignancy in uremic patients might be possibly unreliable	Mikkelsen et al. (2017)

H = high serum level; N = normal serum level.