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. 2022 Apr 16;2022:2967977. doi: 10.1155/2022/2967977

Table 4.

Biochmistry variables before and after the trial (mean ± SD).

Variables Mean ± SD p value2 p value3
Synbiotics (n = 52) Placebo (n = 56)
FBG (mg/dl) Baseline 103.37 ± 22.92 97.60 ± 16.92 0.150  
At 12 wk 88.67 ± 13.52 89.38 ± 14.96 0.804  
p value1 <0.001 <0.001   0.007
Insulin (μM/ml) Baseline 6.73 ± 2.93 6.54 ± 2.94 0.75  
At 12 wk 7.66 ± 3.76 7.36 ± 3.70 0.68  
p value1 0.17 0.28   0.88
HOMA-IR Baseline 1.73 ± 0.82 1.58 ± 0.74 0.35  
At 12 wk 1.72 ± 0.85 1.60 ± 0.77 0.43  
p value1 0.98 0.94   0.95
HOMA-β Baseline 72.82 ± 46.76 79.77 ± 47.98 0.463  
At 12 wk 133.17 ± 90.40 126.59 ± 88.68 0.711  
p value1 <0.001 0.001   0.41
IGR Baseline 1.21 ± 0.57 1.24 ± 0.58 0.806  
At 12 wk 1.62 ± 0.78 1.54 ± 0.84 0.641  
p value1 0.005 0.06   0.64
Hs-CRP (mg/dl) Baseline 2.28 ± 1.91 2.82 ± 2.95 0.57  
At 12 wk 2.25 ± 2.31 2.31 ± 1.91 0.27  
p value1 0.93 0.31   0.89
SGPT (mg/dl) Baseline 24.35 ± 13.72 20.96 ± 11.67 0.18  
At 12 wk 22.71 ± 11.49 21.85 ± 10.06 0.68  
p value1 0.24 0.44   0.16
SGOT (mg/dl) Baseline 25.41 ± 7.87 25.06 ± 11.32 0.85  
At 12 wk 23.08 ± 6.75 24.15 ± 11.46 0.57  
p value1 0.01 0.30   0.26
ALP (mg/dl) Baseline 184.08 ± 50.33 198.58 ± 78.33 0.27  
At 12 wk 180.10 ± 53.72 199.34 ± 82.14 0.16  
p value1 0.16 0.79   0.24
TG (mg/dl) Baseline 204.31 ± 111.01 198.58 ± 87.01 0.772  
At 12 wk 160.92 ± 63.40 164.30 ± 75.84 0.808  
p value1 0.001 <0.001   0.536
TC (mg/dl) Baseline 224.41 ± 38.04 237.87 ± 44.12 0.103  
At 12 wk 214.47 ± 38.46 229.85 ± 38.72 0.047  
p value1 0.007 0.062   0.730
LDL-C (mg/dl) Baseline 93.84 ± 21.77 102.47 ± 21.00 0.044  
At 12 wk 92.12 ± 20.06 100.57 ± 18.38 0.029  
p value1 0.368 0.413   0.949
HDL-C (mg/dl) Baseline 39.33 ± 8.98 39.13 ± 7.46 0.905  
At 12 wk 40.33 ± 8.48 40.81 ± 6.02 0.738  
p value1 0.195 0.016   0.503

p value1: significance of within-group alterations (paired t-test); p value2: significance of between-group alterations (independent t-test); p value3: treatment by analysis of covariance (adjusted baseline variable). FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homoeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homoeostatic model assessment-beta; IGR: insulin–glucose ratio; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SGPT: serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; SGOT: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase.