Table 4.

Liquid Biopsy in Gliomas of the Adults: Studies on Extracellular Vesicles

Reference	Histology	Bio-fluid	Methods	Molecular alterations examined	Sensitivity	Type of comparison	Suggested clinical application
Skog et al. 2008	25 GBM	Blood	RT-PCR	EGFRvIII	28%	with 30 healthy controls	Diagnosis
Shao et al. 2012	24 GBM	Blood	Chip-based EV protein analysis	EGFRvIII, IDH1, PDPN proteins	68% (EGFRvIII, PDPN) 16% IDH1	with tumor tissue	Treatment resistance
Chen et al. 2013	10 GBM 6 AO 2 AA 6 grade II	CSF Blood	RT-PCR and ddPCR	IDH1 mutation	62.5% 0%	with 2 healthy controls	Diagnosis
Manterola et al. 2014	25 GBM 50 GBM	Blood	RT-PCR	miR-320, miR-574-3p, RNU6-1	65% 59% 73%	with 25 healthy controls	Diagnosis
Akers et al. 2015	24 GBM	CSF	RT- PCR	miR-21	85% initial cohort 87% validation cohort	with 20 healthy controls	Diagnosis Monitoring
Shi et al. 2015	45 III/IV 25 I-II	CSF	qRT-PCR	miR-21	–	with 25 non-tumoral neurological patients	Monitoring
Figueroa et al. 2017	23 GBM	CSF	qPCR	EGFRvIII	61%	with tumor tissue	Diagnosis
Ebrahimkhani et al. 2018	12 GBM	Blood	Deep sequencing	miR-182-5p miR-328-3p miR-339-5p miR-340-5p miR-485-3p miR-486-5p miR-543	92% λ	with 9 healthy controls and 10 non-glioma patients	Diagnosis
Manda et al. 2018	96 HGG	Blood	RT-PCR	EGFRvIII mRNA	82%	with 50 healthy controls and 15 other neurological diseases	Diagnosis Prognosis
Ricklefs et al. 2018	21 GBM	Blood	Droplet PCR	PD-L1 DNA	67%	none	Monitoring
Santangelo et al. 2018	85 III/IV 15 I/II	Blood	RT-PCR	miR-21 miR-222 miR-124-3p	84% 80% 78%	with 30 healthy controls and 11 brain metastases	Diagnosis Monitoring
Osti et al. 2019	43 GBM	Blood	Mass spectrometry	Proteins vWF, APCS, C4B, AMBP, APOD, AZGP1, C4BPB, Serpin3, FTL, C3, and APOE	–	with 33 healthy controls and 25 non-glial tumors	Monitoring Diagnosis
Lan et al. 2020	59 III - IV 32 I – II	Blood	qPCR	miR-210	83.2%	with 50 healthy controls	Diagnosis Prognosis

GBM: glioblastoma; AA: anaplastic astrocytoma; AO: anaplastic oligodendroglioma; A: astrocytoma; O: oligodendroglioma.