Table 5.

Liquid Biopsy in Pediatric Gliomas: Studies with Different Methods

Reference	Tumor type	Liquid biopsy source	Technique	What was measured	Molecular alterations examined	Suggested clinical application
Huang et al. 2017	6 DMG	CSF	Sanger sequencing or nested PCR	ct-DNA	H3F3A and HIST1H3B K27M mutation	Diagnosis Stratification Monitoring
Panditharatna et al. 2018	48 DMG	CSF Blood	ddPCR	ct-DNA	H3K27M	Monitoring treatment
Stallard et al. 2018	4 DIPG	CSF	ddPCR	ct-DNA	H3F3A H3K27M	Monitoring
Garcia-Romero et al. 2019	7 DIPG 4 thalamic glioma 8 gliomas I/ II, III/ IV	CSF Blood	ddPCR	cf-DNA, EV-derived DNA	BRAF V600E	Targeted treatment selection
Mueller et al. 2019	13 DIPG	Blood	ddPCR	ct-DNA	H3F3A, HIST1H3B	Monitoring treatment
Pan et al. 2019	23 DIPG	CSF (matched blood and tumor DNA)	Targeted sequencing	ct-DNA	HF3A, TP53ATRX, PDGRA, FAT1, HIST1H3B, PPMID, IDH1, NF1, PIK3CA, ACVR1	Diagnosis

DIPG: diffuse intrinsic pediatric gliomas; DMG: diffuse midline glioma.