Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, volume, and neuropsychological data.
| Item | HC (n = 76) | CSVD | F/χ 2 /H | p | Post hoc analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSVD-nonCI (n = 107) | CSVD-CI (n = 135) | Total (n = 318) | HC vs. CSVD-non-CI | HC vs. CSVD-CI | CSVD-non-CI vs. CSVD-CI | ||||
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, years | 63 (58, 67.5) | 65 (59, 72) | 65 (60, 73) | 65 (59, 71) | 6.36 | 0.042* | 0.230 | 0.037* | 1.000 |
| Male, n (%) | 39 (51.3) | 59 (55.1) | 75 (55.6) | 173 (54.4) | 0.39 | 0.824 | - | - | - |
| Education, years | 12 (9, 15) | 12 (9, 16) | 9 (9, 12) | 12 (9, 15) | 7.07 | 0.029* | 1.000 | 0.240 | 0.034* |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 39 (52.3) | 75 (70.1) | 92 (68.1) | 206 (64.8) | 8.03 | 0.018* | 0.013* | 0.018* | 0.781 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 15 (19.7) | 28 (26.2) | 33 (24.4) | 76 (23.9) | 1.05 | 0.592 | - | - | - |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 13 (17.1) | 23 (21.5) | 28 (20.7) | 64 (20.1) | 0.59 | 0.745 | - | - | - |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 6 (7.9) | 7 (6.5) | 6 (4.4) | 19 (6.0) | 1.12 | 0.570 | - | - | - |
| History of LI/TIA, n (%) | 10 (13.2) | 27 (25.2) | 49 (36.3) | 87 (2.4) | 13.21 | 0.001* | 0.042* | <0.001* | 0.098* |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 12 (15.8%) | 24 (22.4%) | 36 (26.7%) | 72 (22.6) | 3.29 | 0.193 | - | - | - |
| History of drinking, n (%) | 9 (11.8%) | 22 (20.6%) | 26 (19.3%) | 57 (17.9) | 2.58 | 0.275 | - | - | - |
| LI count, n | 0 (0, 0) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 2) | 56.50 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 1.000 |
| CMB count, n | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0–2) | 0.5 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 2) | 36.51 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.284 |
| Volume data | |||||||||
| ICV (mL) | 1425.85 ± 116.40 | 1435.29 ± 124.84 | 1425.55 ± 129.62 | 1428.90 ± 124.66 | 0.21 | 0.810 | - | - | - |
| Brain parenchyma (mL) | 1065.90 ± 88.57 | 1064.17 ± 95.20 | 1045.69 ± 102.11 | 1056.74 ± 96.88 | 1.54 | 0.217 | - | - | - |
| Hippocampus (mL) | 6.87 ± 0.65 | 6.94 ± 0.72 | 6.72 ± 0.79 | 6.84 ± 0.74 | 2.77 | 0.064 | - | - | - |
| Amygdala (mL) | 3.62 ± 0.39 | 3.70 ± 0.45 | 3.63 (3.35, 3.87) | 3.64 (3.35, 3.89) | 1.69 | 0.430 | - | - | - |
| Thalamus-Proper (mL) | 12.12 ± 1.01 | 11.98 ± 1.09 | 11.72 ± 1.14 | 11.91 ± 1.10 | 3.87 | 0.022* | 0.998 | 0.025* | 0.210 |
| Caudate (mL) | 6.55 ± 0.72 | 6.93 ± 0.82 | 6.96 (6.41, 7.60) | 6.81 (6.29, 7.43) | 16.27 | <0.001* | 0.004* | <0.001* | 1.000 |
| Putamen (mL) | 10.61 ± 1.01 | 10.84 ± 0.99 | 10.80 ± 1.29 | 10.77 ± 1.13 | 1.01 | 0.364 | - | - | - |
| Pallidum (mL) | 3.06 ± 0.35 | 3.04 (2.74, 3.23) | 2.97 ± 0.34 | 2.99 ± 0.35 | 2.24 | 0.327 | - | - | - |
| Hypothalamus (mL) | 0.64 (0.60, 0.71) | 0.66 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.660 | - | - | - |
| MTA | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 0.38 (0.33, 0.48) | 0.43 (0.35, 0.54) | 0.3 (0.33, 0.48) | 38.89 | <0.001* | 0.001* | <0.001* | 0.014* |
| White matter (mL) | 486.07 ± 47.70 | 485.41 ± 52.58 | 480.30 ± 53.38 | 483.40 ± 5,172 | 0.42 | 0.655 | - | - | - |
| WMH (mL) | 1.57 ± 0.64 | 3.87 (1.74, 7.62) | 4.9 (2.65, 11.86) | 3.15 (1.60, 6.62) | 88.45 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.046* |
| PWMH (mL) | 1.18 ± 0.61 | 2.97 (1.41, 6.3) | 4.33 (2.10, 10.82) | 2.51 (1.18, 5.96) | 91.28 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.025* |
| DWMH (mL) | 0.35 (0.18, 0.55) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.96) | 0.53 (2.63, 1.05) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.86) | 17.13 | <0.001* | 0.004* | <0.001* | 1.000 |
| Gray matter (mL) | 579.82 ± 46.57 | 578.75 ± 48.61 | 565.39 ± 54.02 | 573.34 ±50.83 | 2.91 | 0.056 | - | - | - |
| Frontal lobe (mL) | 151.10 ± 13.48 | 150.47 ± 15.08 | 147.36 ± 15.83 | 149.30 ± 15.09 | 1.99 | 0.138 | - | - | - |
| Occipital lobe (mL) | 63.43 ± 6.77 | 62.38 ± 6.90 | 61.09 ± 8.16 | 62.08 ± 7.47 | 2.54 | 0.080 | - | - | - |
| Temporal lobe (mL) | 97.31 ± 9.05 | 98.07 ± 10.71 | 94.53 ± 10.43 | 96.39 ± 10.3 | 3.99 | 0.019* | 1.000 | 0.178 | 0.023* |
| Parietal lobe (mL) | 82.13 ± 7.69 | 81.85 ± 7.28 | 79.30 ± 8.64 | 80.83 ± 8.06 | 4.37 | 0.013* | 1.000 | 0.042* | 0.042* |
| Cingulate lobe | 23.77 ± 2.39 | 23.80 ± 2.56 | 23.03 ± 2.64 | 23.47 ± 2.57 | 3.37 | 0.036* | 0.939 | 0.046* | 0.022* |
| Insular (mL) | 12.39 ± 1.28 | 12.34 ± 1.44 | 12.12 ± 1.48 | 12.26 ± 1.42 | 1.10 | 0.335 | - | - | - |
| Neuropsychological data | |||||||||
| General cognitive function | 0.59(0.27, 0.85) | 0.59 (0.27,0.76) | −0.35 (−1.07,0.00) | 0.14(-0.31,0.63) | 150.03 | <0.001* | 1.000 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Episodic memory | 0.38 ± 0.74 | 0.27 ± 0.88 | −0.34 ± 0.79 | 0.03 ± 0.80 | 29.91 | <0.001* | 1.000 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Language | 0.24 ± 0.72 | 0.27 ± 0.70 | −0.37 ± 0.74 | 0.00 ± 0.86 | 19.01 | <0.001* | 1.000 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Information processing speed (inverse) | −0.33 (−0.49, −0.11) | −0.35 (−0.49, −0.10) | 0.06 (−0.24, 0.50) | −0.21 (−0.42,1.58) | 67.97 | <0.001* | 1.000 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Executive function (inverse) | −0.33 (−0.49, −0.11) | −0.34 (−0.52, −0.08) | 0.02 (−0.27, 0.55) | −0.20 (−0.43,1.12) | 58.27 | <0.001* | 1.000 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Visuospatial function | 0.41 (0.41, 0.41) | 0.41 (0.41,0.41) | 0.41 (−0.41, 0.41) | 0.41 (0.00,0.41) | 18.47 | <0.001* | 1.000 | 0.015* | <0.001* |
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile ranges) or number (percentage). One-way ANOVA was applied for the comparison of normally distributed data, χ2 test was applied for the ranked data, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the comparisons of non-normally distributed data.
*
Indicates a statistical difference between groups, p < 0.05.
HC, health control; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; CSVD-nonCI, CSVD patients without cognitive impairment; CSVD-CI, CSVD patients with cognitive impairment; n, number; TIA, transient ischemic attack; ICV, intracranial volume; MTA, medial temporal atrophy, the ratio of the ipsilateral lateral subventricular horn to hippocampal volume. WMH, white matter hyperintensities; WMH, total white matter hyperintensities; PWMH, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensities; LI, lacunar infarction; CMB cerebral microbleed.