Table 2.

Adaptive immune cells and molecules involved in FBR

	Polymer	Tissue	Outcomes post implantation	Model	Duration	Reference
Cells
DC	PLGA PLG	in vitro subcutaneous	enhanced DC maturation enrichment of DC around the implant	in vitro C57BL/6J mice	24 hours 7 days	[119] [120]
CD3+ T cell	PP mesh	human abdominal wall hernia repair	aggregation around the implant	Clinical	0.6–6 years	[13]
	ECM	subcutaneous	↑ cell level	C57BL/6J mice	7 days	[115]
CD4+ Th	PEU, PET, SR	subcutaneous	↑ cell level	Sprague-Dawley rats	7, 14, 21 days	[116]
	PP mesh	human abdominal wall hernia repair	aggregation around the implant	Clinical	0.6–6 years	[13]
CD25+ CD4+ T cell	PEU, PET, SR	subcutaneous	↑ cell level	Sprague-Dawley rats	7, 14, 21 days	[116]
FOXP3+ Treg	PP mesh PP mesh	human abdominal wall hernia repair pelvic mesh	aggregation around the implant recruitment around the implant along with CD8+ T cells	Clinical Clinical	0.6–6 years 1 –6 years	[13] [117], [124]
	PEU, PET, SR	subcutaneous	↑ cell level	Sprague-Dawley rats	7, 14, 21 days	[116]
CD8+ cytotoxic T cell	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ cell level in less textured surface (SmoothSilk)	New Zealand White rabbits, C57BL/6J mice	3 weeks - 6 months	[141]
	PP mesh	human abdominal wall hernia repair	aggregation around the implant	Clinical	0.6–6 years	[13]
	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ cell level in highly textured surface	New Zealand White rabbits	3 weeks - 6 months (up to 1 year)	[141]
NKT cell	PE-PUR	subcutaneous	↑ cell recruitment	C57BL/6 mice	7 days	[97]
	ECM, PCL	muscle	↑ cell recruitment	C57BL/6J mice	5 days - 3 weeks	[79]
CD19+ B cell	alginate hydrogel microsphere, polystyrene	intraperitoneal	↑ cell recruitment	C57BL/6J mice	28 days	[12]
	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ cell level in highly textured surface	C57BL/6J mice	3 weeks - 6 months	[141]
CD20+ B cell	PP meshes	human abdominal wall hernia repair	cluster around foreign body granuloma	Clinical	0.6–6 years	[13]
Molecules
IFN-γ	PE-PUR PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	impaired angiogenesis in IFN-γ-deficient mice ↑ expression in highly textured surface	C57BL/6 mice C57BL/6J mice	7 days 3 weeks - 6 months	[97] [141]
TNF-α	acetaminophen	intraperitoneal	↑ expression	C57BL/6 & male BALB/c mice	1 day	[132]
	PCL	subcutaneous	↑ expression, promotes IL-17 production	C57BL/6 mice	6 weeks	[10]
IL-2	PLGA	intraperitoneal	enhanced activation of CD8+ T cells	C57BL/6 (B6) mice	60 hours	[133]
IL-4	PEU, PET, SR PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ expression ↑ expression in less textured surface (SmoothSilk)	Sprague-Dawley rats New Zealand White rabbits	14 days 3 weeks - 6 months (up to 1 year)	[80] [141]
IL-6	alginate hydrogel microsphere, polystyrene	intraperitoneal	↑ expression in plasma	C57BL/6 mice	1 day	[12], [132]
	PEU, PET, SR	subcutaneous	↑ expression	Sprague-Dawley rats	14 days	[80]
IL-10	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ expression in less textured surface (SmoothSilk)	New Zealand White rabbits	3 weeks - 6 months (up to 1 year)	[141]
IL-12	PEI, PLL, cationic dextran, cationic gelatin	intraperitoneal	↑ expression mediated by TLR-4 in macrophages and spleen cells	C57BL/6J mice	24 hours	[134]
	PEU, PET, SR	subcutaneous	↑ expression	Sprague-Dawley rats	14 days	[80]
IL-13	amphiphilic PUR	subcutaneous	↑ expression	Sprague-Dawley rats	21 days	[15]
	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ expression in less textured surface (SmoothSilk)	New Zealand White rabbits	3 weeks - 6 months (up to 1 year)	[141]
IL-17	PCL silicone breast implant	subcutaneous subcutaneous	chronic secretion of IL-17, promotes fibrosis ↑ expression	C57BL/6 mice Clinical	12 weeks 41 months	[10] [10]
TGF-β1	nylon mesh PP mesh	subcutaneous pelvic mesh	↑ expression ↑ expression	C57BL/6 mice Clinical	2–10 weeks 1 –6 years	[16] [117]
IL-36γ IL-23	PCL PCL	subcutaneous subcutaneous	↑ expression, associated with IL-17 and F2 macrophages ↑ expression, promotes IL-17 production	C57BL/6 mice C57BL/6 mice	12 weeks 6 weeks	[125] [10]
CXCL13	alginate hydrogel microsphere, polystyrene	intraperitoneal	↑ expression	C57BL/6 mice, non-human primates (NHPs)	14 days	[12]
CXCL10	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ expression in highly textured surface	C57BL/6J mice	3 weeks - 6 months	[141]
STAT1	PDMS (breast implant)	subcutaneous (mammary fat tissue)	↑ expression in highly textured surface	C57BL/6J mice	3 weeks - 6 months	[141]
CSF1R	alginate hydrogel microsphere, polystyrene	intraperitoneal / subcutaneous	↑ expression with infiltrating macrophages and FBGCs adjacent to the implantation	C57BL/6 mice, non-human primates (NHPs)	28 days	[12]