Fig 5. Relevant biological roles of the implemented biomarkers protein in programmed cell death PCD (PCD; green highlight) and Aβ-associated toxicity (orange highlight) as referred to in the main text.

Light blue circles—nuclei. Dashed line circles—nucleoli. Orange arrows—translocation and transformation of molecules/processes. Green arrows—activation or induction of molecules. Red arrows—inhibition of molecules. Blue highlight—interacting molecules. Blue dashed arrow: Association between focal ischemia and proteolysis of cytoskeletal neurofilaments (NF), leading to the development of spheroids. Abbreviations: APPsα—soluble APP α; BACE-1—Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1; BBB—blood brain barrier; Cas—caspase; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase/NOS II; NO—nitric oxide; p53—(tumor) protein 53; Prp^C—cellular prion protein; RAGE—Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; U—ubiquitin (degrades cytoplasmic DGK-ζ). Astrocytes are omitted from this figure for simplification, though they closely interact with both neurons and microglia under both physiological and pathological conditions.