Table 2. Values of the different parameters.

Parameter	Symbol and value
Known parameters *
Delay from infection to mature cyst	τ0 = 3 months i.e., 13 weeks (fixed) [34]
Period from cyst maturity to lesion disappearance or calcification (τ1 + τ2, driven by a 2-part distribution)–parenchymal lesions only	τ1 (duration of the 1st substage) is given by a Gamma distribution: $Probabilityof{\tau }_1={({\tau }_0+{\tau }_1)}^{\alpha -1}{\beta }^{\alpha }{e}^{-\beta \left({\tau }_0+{\tau }_1\right)}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)}$ with all times in years and α = 2.94, β = 0.83, then taking the maximum of the resulting τ1 and 1 week to avoid 0 or negative values. τ1 derives from the analysis of estimated timeframes from infection to first symptoms in [35]†. τ2 (duration of the 2nd substage, from the end of the 1st substage to cyst death), is given by an exponential distribution which parameter is the average weekly death rate of a cyst: 2.6% (plausible range: 1.8–3.8%). See [36–45]† and S1 Text
Probability for a parenchymal lesion to calcify vs. resolve without calcification	pcalc = 32% (plausible range: 25–38%)–see [36–42,44–46]† and Fig D in S1 Text and S1 Text
Probability of seizure recurrence after disappearance of a parenchymal lesion associated with epilepsy	s = 10%—see [39, 40]† and S2 Text
Probability of seizure recurrence within 3 years (or more) of antiepileptic treatment	rsuccess = 46.7% [38.6%-54.4%] [47]† - see details in S2 Text
Treatment gap for active epilepsy (% untreated among those needing treatment)	ge = 75%—based on [48] and dataset in S1 Data†
Case fatality rate (per year) for individuals with NCC-related active epilepsy	dae = 0.138% [0.069–0.584%] [33]
Weekly likelihood for unsuccessfully treated or untreated calcified parenchymal lesions associated with epilepsy to be associated with a seizure	ω = 0.05 –see explanation of the computation of this figure in S2 Text
Delay from cyst maturity to first symptoms, for extra-parenchymal lesions	τ1 (duration of the 1st substage) is given by a Gamma distribution: $Probabilityof{\tau }_1={({\tau }_0+{\tau }_1)}^{\alpha -1}{\beta }^{\alpha }{e}^{-\beta \left({\tau }_0+{\tau }_1\right)}\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(\alpha \right)}$ with all times in years and α = 17.21, β = 1.10, then taking the maximum of the resulting τ1 and 1 week to avoid 0 or negative values. τ1 derives from the analysis of estimated timeframes from infection to first symptoms in [35]†.
Delay from first ICH symptoms to treatment	tdelay: 37% of cases delay treatment by less than 1 month, 36% by 1–6 months, 10% by 6–12 months, and 19% by over 1 year–see [49–53]† and S2 Text and Table C in S2 Text
Probability of treatment, per treatment type, for ICH/hydrocephalus	- No treatment: notreat = 90%-100% (95% used in simulations) Medical treatment only, nosurg = 20% of treated patients. Surgical treatment (e.g., cyst excision, shunt): 80% of treated patients–see [50, 54, 55]† and S2 Text
Average number of surgeries/shunt revisions per surgical case	- Nsurgeries = 1.2 (plausible range: 1.0 to 2.3) per surgical case—see [49, 53, 56–62]† and S2 Text
Case fatality rate (total) for individuals with NCC-related ICH/hydrocephalus	- Medical treatment only: simplified to 0% (failed treatment followed by surgery falls under “surgical treatment”).     - Surgical treatment: dsurgery = 18.3% [15.4–21.2%] in 2000, with a 3.6% [2.5–4.7%] decrease in risk per decade e.g., death rate = 11% in 2020 and 36% in 1950, 10% risk today [49, 56, 57, 63–66]† & Figs A and B in S3 Text and S3 Text     - No treatment: duntreated: at least 36% (rate for treated cases in the 1950s).
Tuning parameters
Risk of self-contamination for a T. solium tapeworm carrier	h χ
Risk of contamination of household members by a T. solium tapeworm carrier that prepares household food	h χ a
Coefficient reflecting the strength of environmental contamination risks	h σ
Probability for a single parenchymal lesion to be associated with epilepsy at the mature non-calcified stage	π e
Probability for a single parenchymal lesion to be associated with epilepsy at the calcified stage	π ec
Share of individuals with epilepsy at the mature non calcified stage that continues having active epilepsy at the calcified stage	π ae
% of new lesions that are extra-parenchymal**	Ξ
Likelihood of ICH associated with a single parenchymal lesion	For non-calcified mature lesions: πi

* All parameters representing time are ultimately expressed in weeks, and rounded to the nearest integer.

** Ignoring extra-parenchymal lesions that are asymptomatic during their whole lifespan.

^† Value not directly taken from the reference but obtained through process explained in S1 Text, S2 Text or using data in S1 Data.