Table 3. Adjusted multivariable multinomial regression of unvaccinated groups compared to fully/partially vaccinated group as a reference category [n = 2899].
| Relative risk of each unvaccinated group compared to fully/partially vaccinated group [RRR, 95%CI] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eager-to-take | Wait-and-see | Undecided | Refuse | |
| n = 302 | n = 256 | n = 296 | n = 328 | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age groups | ||||
| 18–29 | 6.62 [3.05, 14.39] * | 9.01 [4.04, 20.1] * | 5.63 [2.69, 11.80] * | 2.26 [1.13, 4.53] * |
| 30–49 | 5.79 [2.71, 12.37] * | 7.57 [3.47, 16.5] * | 6.90 [3.42, 13.88] * | 2.66 [1.39, 5.08] * |
| 50–64 | 2.84 [1.35, 5.94] * | 2.63 [1.23, 5.63] * | 3.57 [1.84, 6.94] * | 1.61 [0.87, 2.96] |
| 65+ | - | - | - | - |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | - | - | - | - |
| Male | 0.72 [0.55, 0.94] * | 1.01 [0.75, 1.36] | 1.15 [0.87, 1.52] * | 1.46 [1.10, 1.94] * |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White Non-Hispanic | - | - | - | - |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 0.84 [0.54, 1.30] | 2.45 [1.61, 3.74] * | 2.18 [1.45, 3.27] * | 2.63 [1.74, 3.95] * |
| Hispanic | 1.07 [0.73, 1.57] | 1.72 [1.14, 2.60] * | 1.14 [0.76, 1.72] | 1.37 [0.91, 2.07] |
| Other | 1.29 [0.82, 2.04] | 0.58 [0.28, 1.23] | 0.49 [0.18, 0.78] | 0.48 [0.22, 1.05] |
| Education | ||||
| Less than/graduated high school | 2.20 [1.45, 3.34] * | 2.40 [1.49, 3.88] * | 4.05 [2.54, 6.44] * | 3.54 [2.28, 5.51] * |
| Some college or graduated college | 1.11 [0.80, 1.54] | 1.75 [1.20, 2.55] * | 2.12 [1.42, 3.17] * | 1.74 [1.19, 2.53] * |
| Post-graduate/professional | - | - | - | - |
| Employment status | ||||
| Unemployed | 1.70 [1.23, 2.35] * | 1.12 [0.78, 1.61] | 0.85 [0.61, 1.20] | 0.89 [0.64, 1.24] |
| Employed [full or part time] | - | - | - | - |
| Annual Income | ||||
| Less than $25,000 | 1.55 [0.93, 2.56] | 1.81 [1.05, 3.12] * | 3.37 [1.95, 5.84] * | 1.58 [0.95, 2.62] |
| $25,000 to less than $50,000 | 1.50 [0.98, 2.30] | 1.45 [091, 2.31] | 2.71 [1.68, 4.37] * | 1.07 [0.68, 1.69] |
| $50,000 to less than $75,000 | 1.02 [0.67, 1.55] | 1.10 [0.69, 1.74] | 2.17 [1.36, 3.45] * | 0.97 [0.63, 1.50] |
| $75,000 to less than $100,000 | 1.00 [0.64, 1.56] | 1.11 [0.68, 1.82] | 2.04 [1.25, 3.32] * | 1.08 [0.69, 1.70] |
| $100,000 or more | - | - | - | - |
| Religion | ||||
| Protestant | - | - | - | - |
| Evangelical | 0.83 [0.40, 1.69] | 1.30 [0.74, 2.26] | 1.29 [0.75, 2.24] | 1.08 [0.64, 1.83] |
| Catholic, Roman Catholic | 1.02 [0.64, 1.61] | 0.57 [0.35, 0.91] * | 0.91 [0.59, 1.41] | 0.65 [0.42, 1.01] |
| Other | 0.83 [0.52, 1.32] | 0.77 [0.49, 1.19] | 0.87 [0.57, 1.31] | 0.88 [0.59, 1.30] |
| Nothing in particular/Atheist/Agnostic | 1.31 [0.87, 2.00] | 0.93 [0.62, 1.40] | 0.98 [0.66, 1.46] | 0.91 [0.61, 1.34] |
| Metro Status | ||||
| Non-metro/rural | - | - | - | - |
| Metro | 2.06 [1.32, 3.21] * | 1.22 [0.82, 1.83] | 0.95 [0.67, 1.35] | 0.71 [0.51, 0.98] * |
| Census region | ||||
| North East | - | - | - | - |
| North Central | 0.68 [0.45, 1.01] | 0.93 [0.60, 1.47] | 0.95 [0.60, 1.50] | 1.20 [0.77, 1.88] |
| South | 0.55 [0.38, 0.79] * | 0.86 [0.57, 1.29] | 1.04 [0.69, 1.57] | 1.02 [0.68, 1.55] |
| West | 0.67 [0.45, 0.98] * | 0.59 [0.36, 0.95] * | 1.35 [0.87, 2.12] | 1.11 [0.70, 1.76] |
| Health insurance type | ||||
| Private | - | - | - | - |
| Medicare | 0.48 [0.24, 0.93] * | 0.93 [0.49, 1.79] | 1.10 [0.61, 1.98] | 1.03 [0.56, 1.87] |
| Medicaid | 1.13 [0.73, 1.76] | 1.18 [0.74, 1.88] | 0.95 [0.60, 1.49] | 1.84 [1.19, 2.86] * |
| TRICARE/ Veterans/Indian HS/ Other | 0.97 [0.65, 1.66] | 0.88 [0.49, 1.55] | 0.84 [0.49, 1.46] | 1.36 [0.81, 2.30] |
| Uninsured | 2.43 [1.42, 4.17] * | 1.35 [0.73, 2.52] | 1.96 [1.13, 3.40] * | 4.20 [2.46, 7.18] * |
| Parent | ||||
| No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.13 [0.82, 1.55] | 1.22 [0.88, 1.70] | 1.23 [0.89, 1.70] | 1.92 [1.40, 2.64] * |
| Political party | ||||
| Democrat | - | - | - | - |
| Republican | 1.20 [0.78, 1.85] | 5.53 [3.59, 8.53] * | 6.66 [4.40, 10.07] * | 11.06 [7.21, 16.96] * |
| Independent | 1.69 [1.25, 2.29] * | 3.04 [2.12, 4.37] * | 3.02 [2.11, 4.33] * | 4.30 [2.93, 6.30] * |
| Other, don’t know, refused | 1.16 [0.61, 2.22] | 2.02 [0.98, 4.15] | 3.16 [1.71, 5.82] * | 5.48 [3.05, 9.85] * |
| COVID exposure/experience | ||||
| Had COVID-19 | ||||
| No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.47 [1.01, 2.14] * | 1.26 [0.84, 1.87] | 1.29 [0.89, 1.88] | 1.59 [1.11, 2.26] * |
| Personally know anyone died of COVID-19 | ||||
| No | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 0.75 [0.57, 0.99] * | 0.65 [0.48, 0.87] * | 0.64 [0.49, 0.85] * | 0.49 [0.37, 0.66] * |
| Financial severity [mean, SD] ** | 1.01 [0.84, 1.20] | 1.23 [1.03, 1.46] * | 1.25 [1.06, 1.48] * | 1.21 [1.02, 1.44] * |
* p-value <0.05
** Financial severity is an index score of financial hardships including losing a job, losing income, trouble paying for necessities. The minimum is 0, indicating no financial hardship and maximum is 3 indicating hardships in all three areas.