Table 2.

Risk-of-bias evaluation using the Evidence Project tool.

Study	Cohort study?	Control/ comparison group?	Pre- and post-intervention data reported?	Random assignment of participants to intervention?	Random selection of participants for enrollment?	Follow-up rate of 80% or more?	Comparison groups equivalent on sociodemographics?	Comparison groups equivalent at baseline on disclosure?	Overall risk-of-bias score
Alfonsi et al. (2017)	Yes	No	No	No	—	Yes	No	No	2/8 = 25.0%
Argolo et al. (2013)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			2/5 = 40.0%
Athukorala et al. (2014)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			2/5 = 40.0%
Baijens et al. (2013): VFSS arm	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	7/8 = 87.5%
Baijens et al. (2013): FEES arm	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	7/8 = 87.5%
Bushmann et al. (1989)	Yes	Yes	Yes		—	Yes	Yes	No	5/7 = 71.4%
Ciucci et al. (2008)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
El Sharkawi et al. (2002)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Fuh et al. (1997)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Hirano et al. (2015)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Hunter et al. (1997)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/6 = 60.0%
Khedr et al. (2019)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	7/8 = 87.5%
Kondo et al. (2017)	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	6/8 = 75.0%
Kulneff et al. (2013)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Lengerer et al. (2012)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Michou et al. (2014)	Yes	Yes	Yes		—	Yes	Yes	Yes	6/7 = 85.7%
Miles et al. (2017)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Monte et al. (2005)	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	3/8 = 37.5%
Pitts et al. (2009)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Stegemöller et al. (2017)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	6/8 = 75.0%
Sundstedt et al. (2012)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Sundstedt, Holmén, et al. (2017)	Yes	No	Yes		No	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Tawadros et al. (2012)	Yes	Yes	Yes		—	Yes	Yes	No	5/7 = 71.4%
Tison et al. (1996)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%
Troche et al. (2010)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	7/8 = 87.5%
Warnecke et al. (2016)	Yes	No	Yes		No	No			2/5 = 40.0%
Xie et al. (2015)	Yes	No	Yes		—	Yes			3/5 = 60.0%

Note. Em dashes indicate data not reported. VFSS = videofluoroscopic swallowing study; FEES = fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing.