Table 2. Pitch Cycle Biomechanical Nodes for the Adolescent Baseball Pitcher.

Biomechanical  Node	Normative Mechanical Values
Forefoot Position	Slightly closed 9 y/o 23 º (+3) as one ages to 15 y/o 14 º (+ 4) 15
Stride Length	66% of body height (SD 7.1%) pitchers 9-14 y/o 33 Each year of age associated with a 10% increase in stride length8
Stride Foot Offset	9 y/o 2 +2 cm open as one ages to 15 y/o 18 +3 cm closed 15
Trunk Separation (Axial rotation of upper trunk relative to the pelvis)	9 y/o 23 º (+2) as one ages to 15 y/o 42 º (+3) 15
Internal Trunk Rotation at BR (Throwing arm side towards home plate; Figure 2)	8-13.5 y/o 25 º (+9)13 (Compared to 18-24.8 y/o 23 º (+8); for every additional 10º increased elbow stress)25
Single-Limb Support (Dominant leg = same side as throwing arm)	10.2 sec (SD 5.9)33

y/o = years old, SD = standard deviation, BR = ball release, sec = seconds