Table 2.
Antiviral activity of some individual essential oil compounds [126].
| S.no. | Compounds | Target viruses | Mechanism type | SI | IC50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Camphor | BVDV | Intercellular | 13.9 | 318.51 μg/mL |
| 2 | 1, 8-Cineole | BVDV | Intercellular | 9.1 | 331.17 μg/mL |
| 3 | Germacrone | IFV-A (H1N1) | Intercellular and intracellularb | >41 | 6.03 μM |
| 4 | β-Santalol | IFV-A (H3N2) | Intracellulara | 10–100 μg/mL | |
| 5 | Eugenol | IFV-A (H1N1) | ND | ND | <3.1 μL/mL |
| 6 | Carvacrol | IFV-A (H1N1) | ND | <0.15 | 2.6 μg/mL |
| 7 | Carvacrol | Acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 | Intracellular | 8.7 | 28.6 μg/mL |
| 8 | Limonene | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 10.2 | 5.9 μg/mL |
| 9 | β-Pinene | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 24.3 | 3.5 μg/mL |
| 10 | Carvacrol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 43 | 7 μM |
| 11 | Thymol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 43 | 7 μM |
| 12 | Carvacrol | HSV-1 | Intracellular | 5.1 | 48.6 μg/mL |
| 13 | p-Cymene | HSV-1 | Intercellular | ND | >0.1% |
| 14 | Carvacrol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 1.4 | 0.037% |
| 15 | Thymol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 7 | 0.002% |
| 16 | Eugenol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 2.4 | 35 μg/mL |
| 17 | Trans-anethole | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 5 | 20 μg/mL |
| 18 | β-Eudesmol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 5.8 | 6 μg/mL |
| 19 | Farnesol | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 11.4 | 3.5 μg/mL |
| 20 | β-Caryophyllene | HSV-1 | Intercellular | 140 | 0.25 μg/mL |
Note: SI = selectivity index, ND = not defined, BVDV = Bovine viral diarrhea virus, HIV = human immunodeficiency viruses, HSV = human herpes viruses, Intracellular = effects on intercellular events of life cycle in viruses, Intercellular = effects on virus surface pre or post adsorption, “a” = later stages of viral lifecycle and “b” = initial stages of viral lifecycle.