Table 3.

In vitro antioxidant activities of T. algeriensis extracts.

Extract	Used method	Effects	Ref.
Algeria
Aerial parts
PE, CHCl3, & n–BuOH	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 69.50 ± 0.68 (PE), 79.92 ± 0.30 (CHCl3), and 5.05 ± 0.12 (n–BuOH)	[44]
	CUPRAC	A0.50 (μg/mL) = 22.28 ± 0.24 (PE), 27.81 ± 3.06 (CHCl3), and 0.94 ± 0.06 (n–BuOH)
	RP	A0.50 (μg/mL) = 25.25 ± 0.08 (PE), 24.5 ± 0.52 (CHCl3), and 4.98 ± 0.48 (n–BuOH)
	TAC	TAC (μg EAA/mg (dw)) = 15.69 ± 0.001 (PE), 16.21 ± 0.02 (CHCl3), and 20.79 ± 0.19 (n–BuOH)
	FTC	%of inhibition = 27.80 ± 0.37 (PE), 24.25 ± 0.45 (CHCl3), and 47.43 ± 0.58 (n–BuOH)
EtOH & H2O	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.052 ± 0.004 (EtOH), not active (H2O)	[145]
	ABTS	IC50 (μg/mL) = 42 ± 0.99 (EtOH), 52 ± 31 (H2O)
MeOH–H2O	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 7.4 ± 0.3	[24]
	Iron chelating	EC50 (μg/mL) = 512 ± 0
	β–Carotene bleaching	%of inhibition = 90 ± 2
	TAC	TAC (μg AAE/mg) = 268 ± 4
	FRAP	FRAP (mM FeSO4/mg) = 5.3 ± 0.0
H2O & EtOH–H2O	DPPH	EC50 (μg/mL) = 64.8 ± 0.7 (H2O), 131 ± 3 (EtOH–H2O)	[7]
	RP	EC50 (μg/mL) = 54.0 ± 0.5 (H2O), 100.2 ± 0.5 (EtOH–H2O)
	β–Carotene bleaching	EC50 (μg/mL) = 149 ± 3 (H2O), 85 ± 3 (EtOH–H2O)
	TBARS	EC50 (μg/mL) = 26.3 ± 0.2 (H2O), 40.3 ± 0.3 (EtOH–H2O)
EA & n–BuOH	DPPH	EC50 (mg/mL) = 0.290 (EA) EC50 (mg/mL) = 1.45 (n–BuOH)	[46]
EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 10.2 ± 0.9–>45.0	[67]
	Phosphomolybdenum assay	AEAC (mg/mL) = 0.148 ± 0.003–0.220 ± 0.022
MeOH–H2O, acetone–H2O, MeOH, acetone–H2O	DPPH, ABTS, phosphomolybdenum	All extracts possess potential antioxidant activities compared to standards	[105]
EO	TBARS	Not active	[62]
	ABTS	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.150 ± 0.002
	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.235 ± 0.018
	ORAC	ORAC (μmol Trolox equivalent/g) = 38.47 ± 39.71
	RP	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.025 ± 0.006
	Chelating metal ions	Not active
	HRS	Not active
	Superoxide anion scavenging assay (nonenzymatic method)	Not active
EO	HRS	IC50 (μg/mL) = 2.2 ± 0.03–8.5 ± 0.1 (ALG1–ALG3)	[35]
	DPPH	%of inhibition = 1.6 ± 0.0–53.4 ± 0.2 (chemotype and dose-dependent effect)
	TBARS	IC50 (μg/mL) = 106.7 ± 8.4–911.6 ± 7.4 (ALG1–ALG3)
Leaves
MeOH	DPPH	EC50 (μg/mL) = 1.60 ± 0.13	[45]
	β–Carotene bleaching test	%of inhibition = 64.31 ± 1.9
Lipophilic extract using olive oil (OO)	RPlip	Significantly higher (RPlip = 50 mg BHT eq/g (dw)) than that of OO only (40 mg BHT eq/g OO)	[146]
EtOH & EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 1.560 ± 0.010 (EtOH), 1.437 ± 4.51 (EO)	[23]
	ABTS	IC50 (mg/mL) = 1.743 ± 0.195 (EtOH), 0.8960 ± 0.203 (EO)
	RP	AEAC–FRAP assay (μg/mL) = 0.897 ± 0.064 (EtOH), 1.387 ± 0.265 (EO)
	Phosphomolybdenum	AEAC (mg/mL) = 0.007 ± 0.0006 (EtOH), 0.432 ± 0.001 (EO)
MeOH	DCFDA	No significant modification in ROS levels in HaCaT cells	[47]
	Western blot analyses	Significant increase in nuclear levels of Nrf–2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2) by up to 180% after incubation of the HaCaT cells for 15 min
H2O & EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/L) = 404.08 ± 5.87 (EO), 22.26 ± 0.07 (H2O)	[126]
	ABTS	IC50 (mg/L) = 10.48 ± 0.49 (EO), 25.29 ± 0.21 (H2O)
	TBARS	IC50 (mg/L) = 23.54 ± 0.37 (EO), not active (H2O)
	RP	IC50 (mg/L) = 347.84 ± 3.02 (EO), 59.53 ± 0.70 (H2O)
EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 41.09	[42]
	ABTS	IC50 (mg/mL) = 10.84
	TAC	TAC (U/L) = 39.27 ± 3.47
Stem bark
EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 83.8	[30]
Tunisia
Aerial parts
EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.8	[29]
	β–Carotene bleaching	IC50 (mg/mL) = 0.5
EO	DDPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 3155 ± 27.56	[49]
EO aqueous extract	DPPH FRAP	IC50 (μg/mL) = 0.06	[127]
		IC50 (μg/mL) = 0.04
H2O & hexane	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 6.7 (H2O)	[14]
	FRAP	Samples at vegetative and flowering stages (200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/mL) reduced the Fe3+ to Fe2+ with lower potency than BHT
EO	DPPH	%of inhibition = 52–91.96%	[118]
EtOH & H2O	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 43.5 ± 1.36	[147]
	FRAP	IC50 (μg/mL) = 378.5 ± 5.24
	β–Carotene bleaching	IC50 (μg/mL) = 1430 ± 10.79
EO & MeOH	DPPH	%of inhibition = 81 ± 0.26–93 ± 0.06 (MeOH), 82 ± 0.52–85 ± 0.57 (EO)	[20]
	ABTS	%of inhibition = 22 ± 0.9–75 ± 0.72 (MeOH), 8 ± 0.7–19 ± 0.33 (EO)
	β–Carotene bleaching	%of inhibition = 25 ± 0.08–50 ± 0.12 (MeOH), 4 ± 0.44–10 ± 0.52 (EO)
Leaves
MeOH	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 8.9 ± 0.1–68.8 ± 1.0	[21]
	FRAP	EC50 (mmol Fe2+/L) = 1.0 ± 0.0–20.6 ± 0.2
	β–Carotene bleaching	EC50 (μg/mL) = 0.03 ± 0.0–1.81 ± 0.0
EO	DPPH	IC50 (mg/mL) = 4.31 ± 0.7–9.23 ± 1.8	[28]
	ABTS	ABTS (μg Trolox equivalent/mg DW) = 11.69 ± 0.64–18.13 ± 0.92
Leaves & flowers
EO	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 0.347 ± 0 (L), 0.349 ± 0 (F)	[69]
MeOH & H2O		IC50 (μg/mL) = 3.46 ± 0.010–3.88 ± 0.015 (H2O), 3.13 ± 0.011–4.27 ± 0.010 (MeOH)	[19]
Morocco
Aerial parts
EA & MeOH	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 14.8	[148]
	β–Carotene bleaching	IC50 (μg/mL) = 59.85 ± 1.98
EO	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 745.6	[50]
		IC50 (μg/mL) = 1800	[53]
EO	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 67.85	[131]
Leaves
H2O	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 32.40	[140]
EO	DPPH	IC50 (μg/mL) = 6.88	[149]
	ABTS	IC50 (μg/mL) = 6.96
Libya
Aerial parts
EO	DPPH	EC50 (mg/mL) = 1.64 ± 0.05	[73]
	RP	EC50 (mg/mL) = 0.68 ± 0.01
	β–Carotene bleaching	EC50 (mg/mL) = 1.56 ± 0.12
	TBARS	EC50 (mg/mL) = 0.31 ± 0.01
	DPPH	EC50 (mg/mL) = 0.299	[43]
	DPPH	EC50 (mg/mL) = 0.132	[6]

ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; AEAC: ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity; BHT: butyl-hydroxytoluene; CUPRAC: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; DCFDA: dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate; EA: ethyl acetate; EAA: equivalents of ascorbic acid; FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; FTC: ferric thiocyanate; HRS: hydroxyl radical scavenging; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PE: petroleum ether; RP: reducing power; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.